Postpartum Depression A Concept Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Postpartum Depression A Concept outline Health And Social C argon EssayPostpartum Depression is largely defined in the following context Specifier of nonpsychotic major picture that has its t ace-beginning within 4 weeks after delivery (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). In addition, the illness is a good count classified into the following categories Baby blues, nonpsychotic clinical stamp, and puerperal psychosis (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). Therefore, the illness is complex in nature and is attrisolelyed to the emotions that argon experienced after giving birth (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). It appears that there be no undecided distinctions between first-time and experienced finds facing postnatal depression, and that the state is potenti everyy dependent upon hormonal imbalances (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). The state of postnatal depression is curiously difficult for its sufferers, as they argon frequently unable to apportion for their newborn babies in the way that they desire, and thi s places a particularly difficult caudex upon the family in these references. The defining attributes of the illness argon emotional in nature, and inquire further military rank in dictate to establish a thriving diagnosis and interposition strategy.For women facing the risk of postpartum depression, there ar a rate of habitual concerns that be well-defined and researched, including but non curb to stress, hormone imbalance, and alternative methods of conception. Therefore, those women facing postpartum depression ofttimes possess a tot up of risk factors that may be single or combined. As a result, a diagnosis of this terminus is very much based upon several factors. However, these factors may as well be attributed to other preconditions and circumstances, so how they are identified and managed is of critical importance in addressing the condition directly. In general, A meta-analysis of numerous studies instal the average prevalence rate of postpartum depressi on to be 13 %there is a three-fold increase in the risk of depression during the first months after delivery (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 14). Therefore, it is important to notational system that postpartum depression is a common condition that requires further evaluation and intervention.A case study is perhaps the most feasible fortune to look for the variables complicated in postpartum depression, as this will enable the evaluator to determine the extent to which the illness is based upon divers(a) factors, how it was derived, and how to beaver treat the condition efficaciously. Typically, a home base known as the Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is widely used to identify the severity of postpartum depression episodes, as is effectual in determining the course of treatment that will treat the condition without delay (Chokka, 2002).One case to anticipate is that of utilise the EPDS to screen patients for postpartum depression, and if the condition is identified , to determine its severity (Joesfsson, 2003). This scale leaf is used to convey a greater showing of the epidemiology of the illness, and its contributing factors in those that suffer its symptoms (Joesfsson, 2003). The case study under(a) contemplation examines women facing postpartum symptoms of depression at several intervals, and explores a number of variables that are pertinent in describing the condition and its potential outcomes for female patients (Joesfsson, 2003). There were a number of statistical requirements under consideration, as well as an opportunity to explore the ethical nature of the study and how it energy impact postpartum women in a personal manner We questioned ourselves whether it would create increased anxiety to ask the eligible women personal questions about mental and physical health and later on on about their tikerens behavior. However, we concluded that the positive effects would outweigh the prohibit effects and that the attendance rate wo uld reflect the womens opinions in this matter. Verbal and indite information was given to all participants and it was made clear that participation was volunteer (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 33). From this perspective, it should be noted that the postpartum depression study served as a means of influencing the identification of risk factors, as well as the epidemiology privy such factors and subsequent treatment alternatives that would be useful in reinforcement patients of this nature (Joesfsson, 2003). In this manner, it was indomitable that the study was a safe and in effect(p) means of identifying various risk factors associated with postpartum depression.The study results indicate that the EPDS is a highly useful irradiation in holy determine to support the findings associated with postpartum depression (Joesffson, 2003). One of the key factors in this study that is not found in umteen other studies is as follows An advantage of this study is that all data were extracted fro m standardized medical records in which data were collected foregoing to knowledge of postpartum mood. This made it manageable to minimize maternal repeat bias. To our knowledge this is the only study that includes earlier medical, gynecologic and obstetric write up (Joesffson, 2003, p. 37). Therefore, the study indicates that there are significant opportunities to explore postpartum depression by using the EPDS scale, and that the results from this scale will continue to provide clinicians with the tools that are requisite to improve diagnosis and treatment methods for postpartum depression and its many complexities (Joesffson, 2003).EPDS is also evaluated in a borderline case involving postpartum women from Chile, and it was determined that the scale is very useful in other settings as a screening and diagnostic tool (Jadresic et.al, 1995). Another borderline case involving subjects from Iran is also useful in determining the effectiveness of the EPDS tool (Montazeri et.al, 2 007). A unlike case involves the detection of false negatives in using the EPDS, which is in consummate(a) contrast to many other cases that support the widespread use of this scale to identify postpartum depression (Guedeney et.al, 2000). A case invented for the research powerfulness demonstrate that EPDS is successful in diagnosing other types of depressive disorders or episodes that stretch beyond postpartum depression. Finally, an illegitimate case involves an examination of symptoms that are portrayed as postpartum depression with the EPDS, but are actually not related ( Jomeen and Martin, 2008).Based upon the model case, the antecedent is the series of unusual behaviors that are generally associated with postpartum depression, such a perceived detachment from the child, as well as emotions, such as uncontrollable crying and fits of anger. As a result of these behaviors, it is generally believed that women suffering from postpartum depression salute considerable emotional and mental consequences until they are diagnosed and are treated for their condition in a successful manner.In a related case study, EDHS is utilized in conjunction with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in an movement to identify postpartum depression in a different light. In a general context, Routine depression screening has been recommended for all adults using tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), that have been validated in primary care practices (Yawn et.al, 2009, p. 483). From this perspective, it is known that postpartum depression is not normally considered under this questionnaire, and requires further consideration as a potential tool for evaluation of this condition (Yawn et.al, 2009). The study considered both tools as an opportunity to identify postpartum depressive symptoms, and to also demonstrate that these studies might be useful together, trance also recognizing the limitations of their use in conjunction with each other (Yawn et.al, 2009). These findings signal that there are significant factors involved in identifying postpartum depression, particularly when a body of questions are asked of each study participant that might be uncomfortable to answer (Yawn et.al, 2009). Therefore, it is difficult to identify all of the possible implications of using both tools without further evaluation (Yawn et.al, 2009). Nonetheless, it is very important and germane(predicate) to consider how postpartum depression is diagnosed and treated under the most common conditions.Other studies also demonstrate that postpartum depression, when diagnosed by using the EPDS scale, is highly responsive to different forms of cognitive therapy, including individual and group counseling, amongst other methods (Moss et.al, 2009). However, studies do not go so far as to say that educational programs are a useful tool in supporting the stripe of postpartum depression, as this has yet to be identified as an effective alternative (Moss et.al, 2009). There continue to be critical factors that influence postpartum depression that have not been fully identified, and therefore, the EPDS is a very useful method of deciphering new problems and potential treatment solutions (Moss et.al, 2009).Based upon the indicators provided in the parole and case studies thus far, there are a number of observational referents to consider when addressing the scope of postpartum depression, and how it is dramatically influenced by various factors, including but not limited to risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It is clear that there are a number of common risk factors associated with postpartum depression that are common in many identified cases, including but not limited to prior depressive episodes, hormone imbalances, and other related factors. These factors are characteristic contributors to the condition, regular though their severity varies from one case to another. Nonetheless, when considering postpartum depression, these are typical concerns that must be evaluated on a consistent basis.In one context, it is observed that postpartum depression may be associated with what is known as the relinquishment of motherhood, which is reflective of different circumstances, such as giving up a baby for adoption, as well as the challenges associated with postpartum depression (La Monica). In this context, Relinquishment is usually done with a great deal of conflict, especially if done under compulsion. Consequences of relinquishment are (1) the obvious injury of a child, (2) a resulting role change she is no longer execution as a mother, and (3) the inevitable grief process to follow (La Monica, p. 269). From this perspective, it is clear that postpartum depression also falls into this category, and possesses empirical consequences for a mother until a diagnosis and treatment plan is satisfied. It is important for a mother facing postpartum depression to consider how this might impact her child or childr en, and how to best approach the situation in a sensitive yet assertive manner. However, since the judgment of the mother is often poor as a result of her condition and she may be unable to count on clearly, it is necessary to consider how the condition might be identified by a clinical professional, and thus treated accordingly. It is important for family members and clinicians to be involved as early as possible, so that the symptoms do not pass away so severe that irreversible consequences are inevitable, as occurs in slightly cases.In all cases of postpartum depression, it is critical to develop an understanding of the cardinal factors, causes, and diagnosis methods that are most common, so that all possible ideas are explored without severe repercussions for patients. Therefore, it is expected that in all cases of postpartum depression, establishing a diagnosis using the EPDS and/or the PHQ are of critical relevance in order to determine the most feasible course of action for the patient in question. This is a general rule that applies to almost any diagnosis, and requires ongoing consideration in order to achieve the desired level of effectiveness. It is imperative that these methods are utilized consistently from one case to the next in order to establish effective patterns for treating postpartum depression and its underlying causes.In order to identify the various principles that are associated with a diagnosis of postpartum depression, it is necessary to develop a greater understanding of various risk factors that are associated with the illness and its outcomes for new and experienced mothers. It is evident that there are a variety of concerns that are associated with postpartum depression, and that these require further consideration and evaluation. Therefore, various research studies to date indicate that there are a number of relevant tools that are often utilized in order to understand the overall concepts associated with postpartum depress ion, and how to best diagnose and treat this complex psychological condition with physical undertones. The most common tools used to identify the condition are the EPDS and the PHQ, which are utilized to identify severity of the condition under different circumstances. Patients suffering from this illness must be cooperative and verificatory in seeking a diagnosis and treatment, even though this is often a very difficult concept to grasp. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to be intemperately involved in this process, so that patients are provided with the best possible outcomes for their condition, disregarding of its severity. This will provide the greatest level of support during diagnosis and treatment to improve the condition through regular treatment and ongoing intervention as necessary.

Sex,Slavery And Human Trafficking

agitate,Sla precise And initiation TraffickingIn numerous cases, wake slavery and kind-hearted occupationking atomic consequence 18 connected to one approximately different. Hu manhood trafficking is the practice of organism tricked, lured, coerced, or otherwise removed from their home or country. In most instances, array man trafficking of women and youngsterren had led them to being k outrightledgeablely apply by traffickers. It is believed that more than commonwealth ar being trafficked across the rim against their go out now hence at any point in the past.Adult victims argon lured into this hidden industry with false promises of good jobs in other countries, false marri jump on proposals, or kidnapped. Children be likewise kidnapped into the stir industry, interchange by their possess families, and at condemnations families ar manipulated into interchange their baby birdren. Traffickers would tell p bents or family members that the children wou ld oblige a brighter future if they leave their families. Families believed that these traffickers would put on their children and teach them a good slyness to ensure their future, or be educated. But in reality, women and children ar change to whorehouses and held captive. Victims are kept in deplorable conditions, beaten, raped, and threatened. Medical care does not exist for those victims and umpteen are exposed to deadly grammatical genderual activityually transmitted di seases.HistoryViviene Cree (2008) wrote that women and children are especially vulnerable to invoke trafficking beca practice session of their experience of powerlessness, p overty, gender-based discrimination, and the storey of commoveual and physical violence. Unfortunately, human trafficking for the purpose of sexual doingation is not something that happened overnight. History has imagen us that the sell and using of the human physical structure for sexual gratification was contingency thu sly and practice is continuing today. While searching for some training on the history of sex slavery, we found several academic articles that dealt with the owning of women and children for sexual use.Yaron Ben-Naeh (2006) wrote that from the sixteenth to the 19th century, female slaves were kept in Jewish household during the pouf Empire. The slaves that were being kept in these households were of Slavic origins captured during the Ottoman Campaign, or by their Tator collaborators in Eastern Europe. Because these slaves were of Slavic origins, the documented physical descriptions of these slaves were that they had fair blue hair and light colored eyes. Females were sought out for their interior(prenominal) skills, strength, and their obedience. It was too suggested that the slaves were considered as beautiful objects that were present in the household. Court records, from that period, listed a childlike range of worths of slaves. Prices were given according to the slaves p hysical attri preciselyes, skills, appearance, age, and the length of receipts concord upon. These females were not only utilize for domestic servitude, moreover some were utilize as concubines to the males of the households, usually the master of the domain. Sexual relationships with their masters were bring out of the slaves domestic duties. There was some support that female slaves were freed from their owners, if they were loyal and obedient. It was also create verbally that some slaves mentioned in the wills of their deceased masters.Some meters these slaves were left some cash or items in the will. Some slaves are transferred to opposite family members or sold to neighbors when their owners passed away. It was not uncommon for some female slaves to be married away to family members, relatives, or friends. Children of the female slave, if they converted to Judaism and the Jewish owner acknowledged paternity, were de deplorableize heir and were legally allowed to th eir fathers inheritance.Viviene Cree (2008) wrote that public concern to the mellowedest degree human trafficking is not new. In the 19th and the 20th century, schemes were put together to stop the trafficking of human beings. peerless of these judicatures was The National Vigilance Association (NVA), which was launched on August 1885 in London, UK. The purpose of the organization was to under cause private prosecution and alert the jurisprudence to the infringements of the newly passes Criminal Law Act. The main provisions were*1. It became an offense to batten down a woman under 21 geezerhood of age for whoredom.*2. The age of sexual consent was raised from 13 years to 16 years*3. Anyone who detained a women or a girl for the purpose of un rightful sex, in an bagnio or other premise.*4. Financial penalties or imprisonment were compel on anyone found guilty of keeping, managing, assisting, owning, or renting out premise used as a brothel or for the purpose of prostitution .In the beginning, the organization was focused on local activities in their area. For instance, prostitutes were blamed for the declining wellness of the nation and the armed forces. The NVA created campaigns to eradicate prostitution. To accomplish this task, members investigated brothels, dance halls, and dangerous houses. Members of the organization were able to remove women and children whom they believed were at risk.At the end of the 19th century, the NVAs executive director committee formed the International Bureaus British National Committee to appreciation international activities. In 1921, the League of Nations took over the responsibilities of the International Bureau and unite their forces with the NVA on seeking agreements in the midst of countries on the repatriation on prostitutes, on the traffic of women and children, and on the abolition of licensed houses (regulated brothels), and on the assistance of expelled unlike prostitutes. The organization targeted the white slave trade, which dealt with child prostitution and the entrapment and removal of white British girls from overseas brothels. The panic was over the kidnapping of innocent (white) girls who were being laboured into the life of prostitution. Socialist believed that prostitution, at that time, was the inevitable by-product of capitalism. Women had to use their bodies because the sparing structure did not offer women legitimate opportunities of earning a wage. some other part of history has shown us that war was another(prenominal) excuse used to misemploy womens bodies, much(prenominal) as trafficking women across to the battlefield to service soldiers. The quilt women use by the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII, was one of the most constitutional forms of institutionalized forms of violence against women. It was institutionalized because the Japanese military felt that if they clothe up brothel stations it would reduce the amount of rapes. Until recently, the comfor t women of WWII stick been silent and lost in the written pages of history books. The military called these women military comfort women to disguise the horrific nature and true purpose of these women. In December 1991, Korean women had burst outed to come forward claiming to be comfort women and exposing sexual plagues pull against them by the Japanese host during the war. Pyong Gap Min wrote that the victimization of Korean solacement Movement has three major components (1) their being laboured into military sexual slavery, (2) their suffering inside military brothels, and (3) their half-century of agonizing experiences later onward their return home. These women came forward because they felt that they deserved any official plea from the Japanese government. They also were seeking compensation, prosecution of offenders and war criminals, proper precept of the public on the nature of this war crime, a rewritten history of war crimes in the textbooks to let in the sexual violations, and memorial tablets for the deceased comfort women. new girls, between the ages of 14 to 17, were taken off the streets by Japanese soldiers and were strained to service an average of thirty to forty soldiers a day. George Hicks wrote in his book, The Comfort Women Japans Brutal Regime of En obligate Prostitution in the Second realness War that these women were rotated between some many men that their pudenda grew futile and inflamed, and they were constantly attempting to gain relief by applying cold towels. Hicks also mention, that women were taught tricks of the trade by maximizing time and effort. They were taught to douche between rapes, or hurriedly apply cotton wool soaked in disinfectant. As supplies started to campaigning low, the women had to reuse condoms by rinsing them off between uses. These girls were do to service in military brothels established in China and other Asiatic and Pacific countries during the Asiatic and Pacific War (1932-1945). The girls came from Korean, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. European women were also used by the military. These women were of Dutch, taken from prisoner of war camps in Indonesia. The estimate numbers racket of women taking and transported across the battlefield was about 200,000, and less than 30 portion survived to the end of the war. Korean women make up the higher percentage of the women taking, about 80 percent of the supply population of comfort women.The Japanese army divided the women according to race, shroud, nationality, and the ranks of the officers they were made to service. Korean women and Asian women were taken an advantaged of by the lower class soldiers. Japanese and European women were saved for the upper class officers of the military. Korean women were treated more cruelly than Japanese women, mainly because of Japaneses liquidation of Korea.It was not until recently, that the Japanese government would not acknowledge the use of comfo rt women during WWII. For years, Japan had denied the recruitment and transportation of these women. On January 16, 1992, Yoshimi Yoshiaki, a Japanese history professor, discovered documents found information about the military comfort women in the library of Japans Self Defense Force in Japan. Finally, with the discovery of documentation and victims stepping forward, Japan admitted to this part of their history and issued a formal apology in August of 1993 with no compensation. Instead the government solicited donations from their citizens and put the funds into the Asian Movement Fund. By doing this, the government avoided any legal and financial responsibilities.Another war that contri exclusivelyed to the trafficking of females to service male soldiers was during the Vietnam War. During the war, the siamese connection government received billions of dollars in military and economic aid because of its alignment with the unite States (Ratchada Jayagupta (2009). In exchange, the T hai government authorized 700,000 U.S military troops in north-eastern and eastern Thailand. Because of the affix of foreign men coming into their areas, criminal networks started to recruit females from costal towns of Pattaya and capital of Thailand for sexual run. These women were used to service military men on their chip in time. To help facilitate the migration process, immediate family member of the women, locals, and traffickers would be involved in the transportation. When the U.S government withdraw its troops from Thailand, which did not stop sex haltistry in Thailand. As a matter of fact, by 1982 tourism had bewilder Thailands top foreign exchange earner.In most cases involving crime and criminal activities, the males exploitations of females was/is for the purpose of sexual gratification and for shekels. In the animal kingdom, some species exploit their females not for the purpose of punishing their lust but to ensure the extension of the species. One of these animals is a species of copepods, called a sea louse. The sea louse males start recruiting females by giving off a chemical smell that females welcome irresistible. The female would follow the chemical trail that lead up to the males lair. When she gets resolve enough, the male would capture her and bring her inside the lair. The male would repeat the similar procedure for the succeeding(a) three calendar months until he has enough females. The male sea louse washbowl commence up to three dozens females in his harem. He will line all the females in a trend in his tunnel to monitor them closely. When the females begin to molt, he will then mate with each of them. The females will sacrifice their lives in order for their effect s to survive. Each female will become swollen with eggs, and when it is time those eggs will hatch. It takes a lot of energy to hold such a mammoth number of young in her shell. By the time the young are ready to be born, she will died of exhaustion.Pr ofits specie is the incentive of most crime and criminal activities. Unfortunately, sex slavery or human trafficking is a highly profitable underground industry. Rachada Jayagupta (2009) believes the human trafficking has now become the third largest criminal activity in the world, next to drugs and fortify trafficking. Jennifer Ludden (2009) wrote that human trafficking is the second largest illicit vexation in the World after drugs. After narcotics and arms sales, trafficking is estimated to be the largest source of revenue for organized crime (U.S. Department of State 2004). Trafficking of human beings is such a lucrative business, that it net income are estimated to be in the billions all(prenominal) year.The selling of the human eubstance is considered more profitable than drugs. In 1990, the trafficking of human, mostly for prostitution, generated an yearbook profit between $1.9 billion and $3.2 billion Canadian (Janet Bagnall (2002). Drugs are sold and used once, but th e body of the person after part be used and sold over and over again. Women, who are sold into prostitution, advise be earners for their pimp for years. near of the gold that these women make goes directly to the hands of their pimps, with slim or zip going to the victims.On February 5, 2010, The Sun reported that an Irish Pimp, who ran a multi- gazillion euro prostitution ring in Wales, was sentenced to seven years in prison. Thomas Carroll, his married woman Shamiela Clark, and his daughter Toma Carroll, were all sentence for trafficking women and forcing them into prostitution. The girls, who would charge their clients 250 euro for an hour, had to lodge their earning into Toma Carrolls account. Carroll would than transfer the money to her fathers account. In 2006, 111,000 euros was deposited, 113 million euro was deposited in 2007, and 500,000 was lodged by September 2009. Trafficked women retain little or nothing of the money they earn.Women and children of these sex indus tries are immediately cast aside when they no giganticer become attractive to their potential clients, or are no longer profitable to their pimps. In Cambodia, children are considered commodities, and are lots tortured and killed when they give outlived their usefulness. Another reason for the short lifespan of these victims is they are more susceptible to diseases. With inadequate health care and poor hygiene, many victims are infected by AIDS and other transmitted diseases.Victims are giving drugs and rape repeatedly by their captures to break their wills and prevent them from escaping. These captures would usually be the first to rape their victims, in order to give them lessons on how to please their clients. If these trafficked women or girls do no meet the quota or the requirements to satisfy the clients, they would be quickly sold off to another person or brothel. Women and children are also given drugs so they bottomland earn more money by taking on more clients. Some w omen and girls guide to take methamphetamines, in order to endure the physical and mental pain. They also take the drugs to be able to take on more clients. Kuntea Pang, left her home in Kampong Cham, to find out her sister in the city. When she arrived there, a woman and said that she would help Kuntea find her sister. Instead, this woman brought her to a brothel and gave her methamphetamines. The drug made her not fatality to eat and not want to sleep, qualities that are desirable in sex workers. The methamphetamine also made Kuntea forget what happened to her as she was being held captive.When women and children are discarded, new recruits must take her roam in the sex industry. Traffickers target victims according to the taste of their customers. In Thailand, young virgins in the sex tourism industry are considered a prize commodity. Virgins are prized because of their youth, inexperience, and the lack of sexually transmitted disease. Child virgins are especially prized beca use of their beauty and lack of sexual transmitted diseases. Larry Hilblom, the founder of DHL courier service, was one of those people who preferred the innocent of children. Generic testing had support that he fathered at least four children from three Pacific rim countries (Scheer, 1997). Shared Hope International (SHI), a non-profit group, undertook a 12 month long operation of commercial-grade sexual exploitation in Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, and the United States. SHI revealed a sophisticated business model for the sex tourism and sex trafficking. They compared this business with being in a mall. In a mall, buyers are able to choose from a variety of human products of different ages and different colors. David Hodge wrote that traffickers increase their market by being able to provide junior and younger females to be used for prostitution. The United States Central Intelligence Agency, estimates that traffickers can earn about $250,000 for each trafficked women.Child lam pblack is another causa of sex industry that has become highly profitable for pimps and child sex operators. Child pornography includes magazines, videos, photographs, books, pictures, audiotapes, motion pictures, and images on the Web that show children in sexually explicit acts. Barri Flowers (2001) said, Some children are forced into child pornography by pimps and operators of sex rings or sex tourism, where they turn into sex slaves. In Germany, the sales of child porn are estimated to exceed $250 million. The biggest consumer of child porn comes from the United States, with their numbers to be about 6 million dollars annually. Eighty-five percent of the worldwide sales of pornography come from the States (Flowers, 2001).So how much does a human body cost in this underground economy? The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) gave an poser of how profitable the selling of human being is. They used the example of a girl who was kidnapped in the village of Nepal. This girl would be trafficked to India and sold for $ kibibyte and then trafficked into the United States and sold for $20,000. Janet Bagnall from the Gazette, wrote that young girls from Nepal are sold at the Indian border for four dollars. They are then sold a second time to brothel owners in Bombay for $500 to $1000. These girls would not be able to leave the brothels until their purchase price has been paid off. The purchase price plus interest would be a debt that these Nepali girls must throw off, which might stretch on indefinitely. The United Nation estimates that human traffickers can earn about 10 billion dollars per year, and the average sale price for a slave is $12,500.GlobalizationTraffickers, pimps, organized groups have found another way to increase their profit margins. Instead of staying within their own countries, these opportunists have found a way to take their industry globally. By being able to transport women and children to a wider range, they are able to supply a big clientele. Criminal gangs have started trafficking their victims to area where they believe there will be a high demand for sexual operate, such as rock concerts, football games, and other major sporting events. During the World cup games in 2006, there was an increase of sex trafficking to meet the demand for commercial sex during that event. It is estimated that more than 40,000 women and children were transported to Germany for the month long event. Many victims were placed in mega brothel, quickie shacks, and other underground networks that existed in Germany during that time.The mesh has made it especially easy for clients to find their victims in other countries. Technological advances have made it possible for a much broader, international group of consumers to travel long distances to have sex with minor league in the 20th and the 21st century. The Internet is highly unregulated and the fastest growing communication network in the world. In just a matter of minute s, a man can book a plane ticket, get a hotel, and reserve the body of a female all in the comfort and privacy of his own home. Donna Hughes said that advertisements and endorsements for sex tourism, mail order brides, brothels, strip bars, and escort services are openly and easily found on the World wide of the mark Web. Men are able to go onto internet discussion groups and find information on the sex industry. They are able to find label of brothels in other countries, information on the price of women and girls. Descriptions on sex tours found in The World Sex Guide would have information on hotel prices, taxi services, telephone numbers, cost of alcohol, what kinds of sex act that can be bought, the price for each act, and the comments about the women. In 1995, an American man who operated Pimps R Us, organized a sex tour to the Dominican res publica. The tour was four days and three nights and included oral sex from a prostitute chosen by the tour guide. As of 1996, 25 comp anies in the United States offer sex tours to other countries. These packaged deals will include plane tickets, accommodations, ground transportation, local guide, and the promise of sexual encounters with local girls. One U.S based sex tour operator promises customer that they will never sleep alone in this tour.Women and children are trafficked everyday to under true and real countries. It is not uncommon for women and children to be trafficked from countries that have economic and political problems. The come down of the trafficked is from poorer to richer countries. From Latin America to the United States and western sandwich Europe, from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, the Middle East, Japan, pairing America from Africa to Europe from Nepal to India from Burma, Cambodia, and Vietnam to Thailand from Thailand to Japan and Australia (Baird, 2007). Many of the women and girls are taken and trafficked into the commercial sex industry. The United Nation (UN) believes that the v ictim of trafficking spans the globe, from 127 countries to be exploited in 137 countries. Most of the slaves come from Albania, Belarus, China, Romania, Russia, and Thailand. They are then trafficked to destinations such as Asia, western Europe, North America, and the Middle East. It is estimated that as many as half of the 100,000 women and children working in brothels in Bombay came from Nepal (Wilson, 1997). Since the 1990s, girls are being trafficked to Thailand from abutting countries. These countries are Myanmar, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China. Women and girls are trafficked from Cambodia uncomplicated from Vietnam. The victims are brought from Cambodia and sent to brothels in Phnom Penh to work. Some Cambodians are transported out to other countries like Thailand, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The regions with substantial child trafficking burdens include West Africa, South and atomic number 34 Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Latin America (Beyrer 2004). In Quebec, organized crime network can recruit and transport Russian women from their homes and into Quebec message parlors with 3 weeks.Foreign tourers who travel to these countries come from fairly rich, developed countries. A large number of foreign sex tourists are males from tight industrialized countries like the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Japan. A high number of tourists come from the Unites States. Each year foreign travelers from predominantly Western countries affectionateness billions of dollars into the economies of developing nations when they purchase sexual services (Andrews, 2004). Foreigners feel that paying for sex with a female or male is part of the travel experience. It is seriously to estimate how many foreign tourists keep going these Southeast Asian countries because many tourists evade arrest in these countries that they commit the crimes. Child sex tourist face little fear of being caught because there is a relatively low risk of being prosecuted in the countries that they committed their criminal act. integrity of nature decadency and the government turning a blind eye is another reason these men get away with their crimes. Most developing nations have little incentive for domestic enforcement because tourism is one of the main drive forces behind their economies (Andrews, 2004). It is very difficult for victims to seek help from institutions that were mandated to protect people instead these institutions also become the puppets of organized gangs. Some peace officers are paid to look the other way by pimps, organized gangs, or traffickers. Corrupt law enforcement officials are giving bribes or sexual services in return for not arresting pimps or brothel owners (Andrews, 2004). In Cambodia, Dr. Kek Galabru, president of a human rights group, said that public official prof it greatly from protection of child sex trade and that they themselves are frequent patrons of the brothels where the children are sold. Sri, a fourteen year old girl from Thailand, was sold to a brothel owned by an investment club. The members of this club were business and professional men, government bureaucrats, and local politicians. These men would leave the management of the brothel to pimps and a bookkeeper, to keep their hands clean. When Sri tried to run away from the brothel, a policeman found her and brought her back to her pimp. Slave trade requires the direct or indirect involvement of national governments (Kapstein, 2006). Since the profits are so high, traffickers have plenty of money to pay off government officials and local law enforcement. The U.S House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary said, sex tourists often scat prosecution in the host countries, because of factors ranging from ineffective law enforcement, lack of resources, corruption and immatur e legal system.Sex slavery is not only happening in other countries, but also in the United States. In the United States, brothels are operating as legitimate message parlors, spas, and acupuncture clinics. The U.S. Department of Justice prosecuted 555 people for human trafficking between 2001 and 2005, of those cases 129 cases involved child sex trafficking. The State Department revealed that 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States every year against their will. Shared Hope International and the Federal Bureau of investigation estimated that every year 100,000 underage girls are forced or lured into the world of prostitution. Las Vegas is one city where minor sex trafficking is happening in large numbers. Children are being trafficked to Las Vegas from all over the United States. Interstates and expressways are do it easier for pimps to transport their victims across state lines. Truck drivers are recruited to drive minors to different states and deposit them to truck stops. CV radios become a very useful tool for truck drivers and sex workers to find each other. Sex workers would announce that they are available by letting the drivers know what track she is on. If a driver is interested, he would tell the prostitute where he is laid and what color is house is. Truck stops are the perfect place for hidden crimes to happen because they are isolated and out of the public and law enforcement view.United States Department of State ReportThe major source, The U.S. Department of States annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) annual report, is utilize to determine the trafficking efforts from various countries and to connect it to foreign assistance that performs in that region (Schuckman, p. 85). The report is arranged from stage 1 to be most compliant to layer 3 as unwilling (McKinney, 2009)Tier 1 Countries that fully comply with the acts minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.Tier 2 Countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance.Tier 2 delay List Countries on Tier 2 requiring special scrutiny because of high or significantly increasing number of victims failure to provide grounds of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in persons or an assessment as Tier 2 based on commitments to take action over the next year.Tier 3 Countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards nor demonstrate a significant effort to come into compliance. Countries in this tier are theme to potential non-humanitarian and non-trade sanctions.ItalyAccording to U.S. Department TIP for June 2009, Italy has a Tier 1 status. However,Italy is one of many countries that traffickers harbor and transport women and children internationally for sexual exploitation. Women and children are trafficked for forced prostitution mainly from Nigeria, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, and Ukraine but also from Russia, South America, North and East Africa, the Midd le East, China, and Uzbekistan (McKinney, 2009). According to the nongovernmental organization statistics, there are two-thirds of the 90 percent of illegal foreign seasonal workers in Italy. This provides a larger opportunity for traffickers to prey on these victims. Moreover, these traffickers make it difficult for law enforcements to track the victims by constantly rotating these victims from various cities for a short period of a time. Even with the challenges, the Italian Government will continue to comply with the extra regulations to stop human trafficking.The Government of Italy is not showing mercy when traffickers are prosecuted and convicted. Italy abides by the 2003 Measures Against Trafficking in Persons law. This law provides the convicted a sentence of eight to 20 years of imprisonment, punishment equivalent to other grave offenses (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). If the convicted was charged for trafficking for forced labor, then other laws will be used. Incomplete data for 2008 show the government investigated 2,221 individuals, arrested 316, prosecuted 480 trafficking suspects, and convicted 225 trafficking offenders, compared to 163 convicted for the same time frame in 2007 (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). According to NGO ECPAT, roughly 80,000 Italian men travel to Kenya, Thailand, Brazil, Latin America, and the Czech Republic for sex tourism annually. In May 2008, an Italian male committed an offense both Thailand and Cambodia for child sex tourism. The Government sentenced him a total of fourteen years of imprisonment.The Italian Government not only offers punishment, but also protection for the victims. According to expression 18, anit-trafficking law allows authorities to give in residence permits and provide protection and job training services to victims of trafficking. Also, Article 13 provides for six months assistance to victims. With these assistance provided, these victims will have some hope for independence and begin a new l ife. Another pull in provided for victims is that they are not generally penalized if they file complaints againsttheir traffickers. This will assist in more prosecutions and encourages victims to becomeproactive.RussiaAccording to the U.S. State Department TIP June 2009 report, Russian ranks Tier 2-watch list. This is alarming. According to Schuckman, the activists that work for human rights, international, and humanitarian organizations, argue that countries that are technically in Tier 3 are granted a higher Tier 2-watch list as a diplomatic gesture. Nevertheless, Russia continues to be an origin as a transit and destination country for

How employee motivation and productivity get effected by gender

How employee motif and productivity get effect by tripualityMy selected thesis vellicateic elementalally lays emphasis on how employee motivation and productivity get effected by sex activity disagree put to deform forcet in oeuvre and how different variables effects under different envirnoment. turn upright I shall move to explaining the topic in detail.OVERVIEWMy research interest is in this field because I know the gravity of the situation and how important it is for both genders to treat each different equally. As we move towards development an integrated effort is needed and e actually one has to do his/her bit. Women need to be looked upon as equals by men from the very start so that they bay window get effective education and pursue good c beers in the future. gender contrariety is a very real and actual problem that is creation faced by firms and to a greater extent importantly women in our society. It is important to none that gender contrariety clears place not only at the piece of work only if in every walk of life for a common Pakistani muliebrity. When being faced by pressure from all sides, it is very tough for the woman to carry out her day to day activities and work at her extensive to the highest stop of us wake up in the morning, go to college or our respective commerce and act in ways that be to a greater extent(prenominal) or less our own. We respond to the atmosphere around and the volume in it with little thought as to why what extend tos us do such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) things e.g. why we enjoy healthful-nigh activities more than others and why we fine some recreational activities better(p) than others. All these actions argon motivated by something. motivation is defined as the forces all indoors or outdoor(a) to a singular that arouse persistence and want towards completing a assumption course of action. Employee motivation affects productivity and disjoint of a managers task is to rut motivation towards the accomplishment of organisational goals. Thus, a manager has to field that what motivates his employees and what influences their pickax of action furthermore why they persist in that action everywhere beat. So the way people atomic number 18 interact deeply affects how they testament perform at the work. Gender difference against someone will on the face of it affect his/her productivity this charter is intended to prove how deeply the devil are connected to each other. secretion is treating of employees ground on criteria that are not channel related, these may include race, color, gender, ethnicity and religion.Organizations these days are touching towards diversity which means women and minorities will play a larger fictitious character in the workplace than in the past tense and it will be more important to keep them functional at their optimum level if succeeder is intended in the future.MANGERIAL CONCERNSWhen someone in the w orkplace is judged, appraised, promoted or embodiment a pay base on criteria which are not hire out related, disparity occurs. This disparity leads to the employee being demotivated because he/she knows that no matter what bar of work they put in, they will be reward on the stem of criteria which are not job related.My teach is not entirely based on the wage differentials but also deals with motivational effects of discrimination at the workplace on the whole. The main motivating factor for employees has ceaselessly been pay. There has used a huge gender gap in pay in Pakistan but has now decreased over epoch but still exists. This gap in motivation is mainly because of differences in characteristics of the jobs carried out, the labor market experience they bring to the job and homophobic word of women by employers or co-workers (which will be my area of theater of operations). All these factors act in legion(predicate) complex and different ways. Thus reservation i t hard-fought to determine precisely how oft of the difference can be attributed to discrimination. Women and men do differ greatly in their preference of jobs and the roles they play in families. Still, the skill set of a woman has now come much closer to a mans. As my thesis shall suggest, there is continuing discrimination against women in the labor market which leads to demotivation because there is loss of confidence for the worker. self-assertion in self abilities and in the firm one is working for measure as a great motivating factor. According to Maslows hierarchy of inescapably one of the pillars of motivation is to get appreciation for doing a certain task. some women are raped, innerly harry and given unfair interference by the society leading to high rates of fe staminate illiteracy and prostitution. In my view, it is very important for the woman to be soundly better because in our society the responsibility of raising children mainly lies with the mother. When the mother herself is not educated she can not possibly give her child the support and basic fundamental training needed to become a good charitable being.Moving to gender discrimination in the workplace regarding Pakistan, almost of the women are dramaturgy wives in our country and there are very hardly a(prenominal) double income families. Although the gender gap in the workplace has reduced significantly over the past decade it still remains high with most of the working women mainly pursuing very low paid jobs e.g. teaching, nursing, receptionists and galore(postnominal) of them work in houses as maids and helpers etcTerm subject areaing Definition need aMotivation refers to the forces either within or external to a soulfulness that arouses enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.Discrimination bTo discriminate complaisantly is to make a intelligibleion in the midst of people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit.G ender Discrimination at the workplace cPromoting/Rejecting or treating one person differently to another based on a criterion which is not job related. In this case mainly gender accomplishmentforce alteration dHiring people with different human qualities who be coherent to various cultural or sub cultural groups.Glass Ceiling eInvisible barriers that separate women and minorities from top commission positions.Disparate Treatment Gender Discrimination fThis is also called operate discrimination. To put it simple, it is treating an employee a different dash because of their gender.Harassment gHarassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. When the term is used in a ratified sense it refers to behaviors that are found threatening or set offing, and beyond those that are sanctioned by society.Verbal Harassment hVerbal agony refers to intractable and unwanted verbal advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing are potentially very disadva ntaging to the victim. Also casually known as flirting.Sources(Daft, Richard, (2000), management 4th Edition, p. 526)(Stokes, DaShanne. (In Press) Legalized separationism and the Denial of Religious Freedom)(Daft, Richard, (2000), Management 4th Edition, p. 524)(Daft, Richard, (2000), Management 4th Edition, p. 453)(Daft, Richard, (2000), Management 4th Edition, p. 462)(Taylor, Allison, (2005). Wrongful Termination)(Taylor, Allison, (2005). Wrongful Termination)(Wikipedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment)Study ObjectivesTo study wage differences between men and women working on equal level in the banking sector.To do questionnaire surveys from employees to find out differences in treatment for males and females.Study how difficult it is for a woman to get promoted in a workplaceHow treatment of supervisors differs from males to femalesIs the working surroundings psychologically suitable for a woman to work in on a long-term basis.The ways agony takes place for a women i n her workplace and who is the main harasserLITREATURE REVIEWGender discrimination and anguish are topic of immense importance as they demand been under discussion for over more than a decade, many studies and researches nurse been conducted to investigate on the different aspects of this topic, to correlate and identify the various variables from within the studies to contribute to the society in a direct or an validating way. All the studies point out to a healthy working environs for both Men and Women so that they are more motivated producing better results for the companies as a whole. The areas of research on this topic in the past focuses on Law, job felicity, employee turnover, organizational harm, social responsibility and corporate finale providing insights into many factors influenced by gender discrimination and worrying. Almost all the studies focuses on problem faced by women from within the organization and social external factors involving discrimination an d effecting productivity. Relationship between the variables drawn in the previous studies bases the precaution of the research and how the factors interrelate with each other.Studies show that people cast bulwark against this menace of discrimination and anguish but its lastingness is always challenged and debated for over some time. Law and justice are always closely looked upon when it comes to anguish at work place.A study Gender-Based Harassment and the Hostile Work Environment (Joshua F. Thrope) tests whether non- innerly motivated gender discrimination is as serious a factor in creating a hostile working environment as versedly motivated gender discrimination. Although Title VII of the Civil Rights guess of 1964 applies to all gender-motivated discrimination, in practice many lower federal motor inns make a diaphanousion between sexually motivated gender discrimination and non-sexually motivated gender discrimination (gender-based agony) in a work environment. Thi s study illustrates a court case of Dwyer v. Smith in which a law of nature officer pronounced that her co-workers and supervisors engaged in a pattern of opprobrious conduct that take ind a hostile working environment. (Thorpe). The failure of the plaintiff to allege a case of sexual harassment proved to be disastrous to her case. versed harassment is only a part of gender discrimination that female employees face in a hostile work employment. Ridicule, effrontery or insults directed at working women may not be sexually motivated but may still create a hostile working environment. The failure of courts to view gender-based harassment claims as actionable has reduced the availability and deterred the effectiveness of Title VII. The study claims that in magnitude to recognise gender-based discrimination as actionable it must be backbreaking or pervasive or it could be misinterpreted.Impacts and consequences have been explored in many previous findings and emphasis have been given on the nature and suit of harassment, but from within harassment sexual harassment is the concept which is quite highlighted factor discussed in findings as in,Recent Thinking about Sexual Harassment A Review Essay (Elizabeth Anderson) discusses the wrongs of sexual harassment and presents third theories that capture a different aspect of sexual harassment. Dignity speculation explains the offensiveness of harassment autonomy surmise deals with the coercive nature of sexual conduct whereas par theory highlights the group based harms of sexual harassment. This condition also gives an example of airlines that expect female flight attendants tolerate customers anger, rudeness or ogling without any objection and hence, make it difficult for them to perform their jobs satisfactorily. The audition also tries to provide remedies and explains that antidiscrimination law has been quite useful in component people understand their rights and combat sexual harassment in the work place.Most people perceive harassment and gender discrimination as a mentally or physically induced trauma but very few people measure it on the basis of the high be involved by this practice of harassment and its deeply routed and ever development cost is often ignored. One such articleThe study Estimating the organisational Costs of Sexual Harassment The Case of U.S. force (Robert H. Faley, Deborah Erdos Knapp, Gary A, Kustis, Cathy L. Z. Dubois) tested the meaning of sexual harassment on the organizational cost. The increasing costs of sexual harassment encouraged organizations to give attention to the issue of sexual harassment. These costs initially included litigation and associated settlements. However, with further research it was found that harassment can lead to an overall decrease in employee motivation towards the job resulting in increases in absentees, turnover, and requests for transfers, and use of mental health services, as well as decreases in productivity (Gute k Koss, 1993 Martindale, 1990 U. S. Merit Systems breastplate Board, 1981 and 1987). This study states that results paint a picture that the total annual cost of sexual harassment in the U.S. Army in 1988 was over $250,000,000. This not only brought attention to the organizational costs of sexual harassment and also to the seriousness of the problem as well. However, this study concludes that increase in the proportion of females in the military would increase that part of the total costs of harassment associated with females and as a result the cost of sexual harassment may grow even more. Furthermore it implies that losing a higher rank female in the army due to sexual harassment would cost a staggering amount.Hence sexual harassment continues to be a threat not only to the working individuals but also harms the companies financially.Gender Mainstreaming and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting workplace Issues (Kate Grosser, Jeremy Moon 2005) focuses on the potential of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to gender equality. The paper states that women are provided equal opportunity in the workplace by the combination of legal compliance, business care and social regulation (Dickens 1999) and the theory of CSR combines all these three notions. This study suggests that a reason for slow furtherance in reporting gender issues is the lack of platform for gender issues to be discusses. The study has highlights the under-representation of womens issues and has focused on the need of women representation in attach to practices, as employees, community members, consumers and investors among other things.The impact of sexual harassment in a legal profession on job satisfaction is examined in The Effects of Sexual Harassment on Job triumph, Earnings, and Turnover among effeminate Lawyers (David N. Laband and Bernard F. Lentz). The results from American Bar Associations National Survey of Career Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (1990) show that nearly two -thirds of female lawyers in private practice and nearly one-half of those in corporate or public agency settings reported either experiencing or observing sexual harassment by male superiors, colleagues, or clients during the two years prior to the survey. The study shows that overall job satisfaction is significantly lower among female lawyers who experienced or witnessed sexual harassment by male superiors and colleagues than among those who did not experience or witness such harassment. According to statistics shown in the study, job satisfaction among female employees is affected more than twice as tenderly by sexual harassment than by their annual income. The study also implies that there is a direct tattle between sexual harassment and intention to quit current employment. However, the study was express by the fact that the survey did not refer to the degree of harassment.Implementation Mechanism (Shamreeza Riaz) discusses the provision of law related to sexual harassment at workplace and the effectiveness of its implementation. This study was conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Interviews were conducted with the work force of organizations, women activists, NGO workers and educational institutions. The writer argues that women participation in the making policies and in determination making can lead to a happy nation. However, the true potential of women is hindered due to the difficulties that they face at the work place. The Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act 2010 provides the definition and kinds of harassment at the workplace. According to the study, in 20-30% sexual harassment cases, women remain silent because of their haughtiness and self respect. 70% of the women are victims of physical harassment and verbal and other kinds of harassment. The writer lists the causes of harassment as lack of awareness, misuse of authority, lack of organizational insurance and a male dominant society. The study shows that sexual harassment has very serious consequences resulting in the loss of job, a hostile environment and physical and psychological breakdown while some women are obligate to quit their jobs. The International Labour Organization, United Nation on liquidation of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, Beijing program for action Declaration, European essence Legislation and Organization of American State all provide laws aiming to obstruct gender discrimination.The study Branded Corporate Image, Sexual Stereotyping, and the New nerve of Capitalism (Dianne Avery, Marion G. Crain) aims to show how the adoption of sophisticated forms of marketing are distinct from the workers physical and mental labour. The study reveals the case of Jespersen v. Harrahs Operating Co. in which the court rejected a female bartenders Title VII challenge to the workplaces policy that women wear makeup, which she found sexually demeaning. Employers sophisticated marketing techniques some times create a prope rty like interest and employers take advantage of their employees external(a) of their usual work by forcing them to propagate company brands outside of the workplace.Transforming invidious corporate cultures (Cheryl L. Wade) discusses gender equality in corporate environment. The writer argues that companies can only change if men change. She states that even if men witness discriminatory behaviour or harassment in their workplace, they fail to take inevitable action that could promote gender equality. Many male managers may expect to support gender equality but still ignore gender conflicts in the work place. If the CEO of a company strives to bring a culture of gender equality then the workers will follow his example. Moreover, the writer states that sometimes women allow sexist comments and jokes to go unnoticed in an render to show that they belong to the right workplace. The corporate workplace also seems to work on the expectation that women of colour can be given jobs that are not valued in the corporate context. Hence, such negative stereotypes adversely affect the performance of women in the workplace. As the relationship between management and its employees plays a central role in a companies success, it is necessary that problems of workplace discrimination be dealt with.The study Gender Justice and Its Critics focuses on the discriminative practices and laws on gender discrimination. The article underlines the traditional treatment of women and the current condition of women. Women were victimized by the laws made to protect them by giving decision making powers to the male members. The writer states that in contrast to these laws, the remedial laws such as prohibition of sex-based discrimination in workplace have authorize women to make their own decisions. Laws which tried to prevent discriminatory practices have created distinct profession for men and women. Furthermore, Gender Justice claims that it is not opposed to the inevitably of working mothers but offers that parental benefits be given to both males and females.The study The Price of Man and Women A Hedonic Pricing Model of incarnation Attributes in a Synthetic World (Edward Castronova 2003) investigates the demand of physical attributes and qualities of the social world. The study examines the computer generated avatars which are both male and female. However, the hedonic price analysis suggests that the female avatars are available at a dissolve and that there is less preference to have a female avatar. As this physical difference is not real in the synthetic world, this wavering can be explained by the general assumption about the effectiveness of the female avatar. However, the study does not indicate whether this is arises from a prejudice on behalf of the population or simply the numbers indicate that more male players choose male avatars. This article was chosen because of the importance it holds in outside world other than corporate sector to g ive out an overview on the gender based difference one holds in his mind.They were shortcomings and left out concerns in those previous studies which can be looked upon on the basis of variables and introducing more measurable models which could relate and interlink the variables in appropriate and a strong way.Theoretical FrameworkDEMOGRAPHICSCharacteristics of a human population periodIncomeGenderRaceExperienceGender diversityUnfair treameantPromotion billetMoral fairnessSexual orientation effeminate employee turnoverHiring firing.Work envirnomentHealthyMotivatingSafetyStress oftenness of Women Promotion yield of times women get promoted at workplaceMore promotions to male or female?ProductivityEqual treatment in terms of lucre and promotionDriveIncreased desireEncouragementInspiration motivated to workLevel of satisfactionWhat one wants from a job and what one perceives it as offeringOverall satisfactionSatisfaction with the jobSatisfaction with the workSense of achievementScop e of using own enterprisingnessInfluence over the jobHarrasmentOffensive behaviourIntent to disturb or upsetUnwanted sexual advancesBases of colour, race religion and sexFinancial and recognition rewardsWages SalaryEmpower-mentFringe benefitsSURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE TO give outTHE CORRELATES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATIONAND IT IMPACT ON pauperizationThis questionnaire is being all used for research purpose all the information provided by respondents would be kept confidential. Your co-operation would be highly appreciated.Personal infoName Age Experience in this organization EducationMarital status individual(a) Married DivorcedGender Male FemaleIncome bracket 10,000-20,000 20,000- 50,000 50,000 aboveSection ALevels of Satisfactionpowerfully protestDisagree immaterial harmonize strongly guardI enjoy at my workplace12345Factors can be added to improve employee motivation at your workplace12345Would you like to stay at your workplace for long12345I am over all satisfied by the attit ude of my stereotype and workplace12345Do you quality as an important part of your organization12345Are you satisfied by your designated authority12345GENDER DIVERSITYStrongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutral deemStrongly Agree generally the supervisors are male12345Majority of Co-workers are Male12345I belive that I have equal opportunities and potential for outgrowth as my other colleagues have12345In my view discrimination does take place at workplace.12345At times I have been judged/mistreated on criteria which is not merit based12345You have been treated and judged on the basis of Gender123451)Race123452)Physical style123453)Religion12345Working enviornement and HarassmentStrongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeMy company is rigid on the laws of harassment.12345In majority of workplace harassment cases the harasser is 1) immediate boss123452) Subordinates123453)Colleagues12345Verbal harassment takes place1)openly12345Equal gender treatment creates a healthy environment a t workplace.12345If harassment occurs verbally my response would be1)to react to the harasser the send-off time123452)Report the harassment to my boss123453) I would turn out with it because there is no other choice.12345Strongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeI have been mistreated in an offensive manner because of my Gender.12345Offensive treatment harm your ability to work.12345I have switched my job because of unequal treatment12345Harassment results in increased stress and anxiety12345Frequency of promotionsStrongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeI have been quickly promoted to the post I am today.12345Male workers get normal promotions12345Female have more chances of getting hired for a job at first place when the interviewee is Male12345Male have more chances of getting hired for a job at first place when the interview is Female.12345Female workers most get in house assignment as compared to traveling assignment12345Female get more sexually harassed t han men12345MOTIVATIONStrongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeDiscrimination affects my productivity12345Male workers are paid more salary/wage as compared to female for the same job description12345Male workers are more empowered to take decisions12345Male and Female workers get same Fringe benefits12345Low percentage of female getting promoted than men whole kit and caboodle as a less motivating factor.12345Strongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeMen feel more superior than women which affects motivation for women in negative way12345Some people get desperate things to get promoted12345Women get more limited opportunities than Men contributing negatively towards motivation12345General training has been given to staff a your workplace in connection with general duty to promote equality between Men and Women12345Men and Women are treated equally when it comes to performance Appraisals and analysis.12345

Residential Development Growth Issues

Residential Development Growth IssuesSamantha Valencia1. In the showcase of an increase in demand for unsanded residential development, what are the profound issue escapement issues a City should consider?In the baptistery of an increasing demand for new residential development, cities heap look to a few foot issues to be considerate of, as well as key revenue enhancement sources to help assert enough nucleotide cash in hand to manage in store(predicate) outgrowth.Smart growth, which pertains to high-density development located in urban areas and near transportation routes, is an coming cities can consider when attempting to mitigate impacts to infrastructure as the population increases, as well as providing new lodgement units that cities dowide are currently lacking. Smart growth will receive oft and to a greater extent important for a city in modulate to manage the influx of cars, pedestrians and transit riders.However, they will neediness to be implement in areas that set up sense, such(prenominal) as high-density locations near transit routes and tightfitting to commercial message areas and office parks. In the city of San Diego for example, there see been inflated smart growth plans, particularly in Mission Valley and 4S Ranch. Although proponents have non yet been able to consider them successful smart growth plans. Several reasons for this intromit sprawling yet empty parking rushs, bounteous obtain centers with few shoppers and far distances to populace transit.Similar to smart growth, cities can also begin thinking more about regularise regulations and strength difference changes that need to be made to implement more mixed-use development, which combines residential and commercial spaces. This sort of development can either be horizontal (development on a large site with multiple micturateings) or vertical (development in a single structure), and would benefit many cities with increasing populations, with deman d for living accommodations near bustling business centers. When implementing mixed-use development, not only are zoning and coding issues a concern, provided coding may also need to be revised to include parking regulations, and noise and light restrictions to agree both residential and commercial tenants (Fulton, W., 2004).In addition to smart growth and mixed-use development, atomic number 20 cities should look to resuming inspection and repair as an separate key approach to managing growth. Since G all overnor Brown closed all redevelopment agencies relegatewide in 2011, the state has fallen short in its affordable housing offerings. During fitter economic times, redevelopment agencies were producing up to 200,000 new affordable housing units a course of instruction, while in 2014, the number of new units is not even half that number (Musiker, C., 2014) According to Susan Tinsky, former executive director of the San Diego Housing Federation, redevelopment agencies hav e been the best local vehicles to fund affordable housing (2011). With the changeless budget and housing crises, redevelopment would serve as a firmness of purpose for both. Redevelopment would not only provide much-needed affordable housing but would also stimulate the economy with job growth. Tinsky also notes that for every carbon units of affordable housing built, 122 local jobs are generated during construction and 32 unchanging jobs after completion (2011).To help fund these infrastructure costs for redevelopment and smart growth, cities would need to develop new revenue sources. The city of San Diego, for example, does not currently collect fees for refuse pick up at slightly 285,000 homes located on semipublic streets. The citys fiscal year 2015 budget allocates $47.3 million to costs associated with collection function for refuse, recycables and green prodigality (Modica, younger et al, 2014). A large portion of that amount is funded through and through and through the popular Fund and is allocated towards refuse collection (approximately $31.3 million) (Modica, Jr. et al, 2014). If the city began to charge households a fee to help recover costs for collection operate, it would result in a minimal fee of approximately $13.83 a month (Modica, Jr. et al, 2014). Once these monthly fees are in place, the $31.3 million currently employ to subsidize costs for trash pick-up could be used for opposite services that are underfunded, including infrastructure projects or public services.Two other areas of potential revenue enhancementation include rental or purchase of goods and services, including parking lot fees, utility user taxes and parking occupancy fees, to name a few. Currently, atomic number 20 taxes just 21 services, compared to New Mexico, Hawaii, South Dakota and Washington, all of which tax more than 140 services (California Commission on the 21st Century Economy, n.d.). These new revenue streams could help fund housing infrastructur e needs for cities as the population continues to grow.Lastly, the California environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is another occurrence policymakers should be mindful of when attempting to build affordable housing and other residential developments at the local level. Many neighborhood councils, environmentalists and other organized groups admit residential building plans on the basis of CEQA, acting as an bulwark to the developers, for various reasons. Oftentimes, groups opposing a project, including affordable housing projects, file superficial law of naturesuits in attempts to delay progress, only to add costs to the developers by agreeable in lawsuits and delaying construction. This in turn has lead developers to focus less on affordable housing projects and more on luxury apartment buildings and other upscale projects, as the return on investment is higher and pecuniary bolshyes are perceived to be less if CEQA protests are encountered. there are many issues cities should consider in order to successfully manage a growing population. Several of these approaches that were discussed have been in progress over the past years and there should be considerable bowel movement to make serious progress in these areas in the near future.2. What are the common chord most significant political reforms you would recommend to Governor Brown? third significant political reforms I would recommend to Governor Brown include modifications to Proposition 13, reforms to the California Environmental Quality Act and reforming the tax code. Reforms to these ternion areas may help solve the states imminent infrastructure crisis.The current California Constitution requires a two-thirds supermajority in order for the state legislature to raise taxes. Part of the reason why efforts to obliterate this supermajority, as mandated in Prop 13, have failed in the past is due to taxpayers perceptions. Proponents of the repeal argue that rather than looking at tax hikes as a punish ment, it should be looked at as much-needed revenue increases for public services and programs, such as education, that have been slashed due to lack of funds. Implemented through Proposition 13, the high approval rate makes it hard for infrastructure and public service funding to pass.Since Prop 13 has passed, local municipalities have been drive ever since with moderate funding as a result of limited revenues still from property taxes. With decreased funding, cities and counties in turn reduce public services. Even though the state spent almost three-quarters of state revenue on local governments, in an effort to help alleviate the loss of funding from property taxes, local administrators no longer have much incentive to spend it efficiently (Kluth, A., 2011). Local cities now look for other shipway to raise revenue, even if those means are not perceivably honest to the residents, including the fiscalization of land use.Now that cities are left to rely increasingly on sales taxes to supplement lower revenue sources, they are more promising to zone land for commercial areas in order to collect more sales tax. California sales tax rates are almost of the highest nationwide, and coupled with land use decisions, sales tax can be an effective way to raise lost revenue. Two most ways to do this are through big-box retail stores, such as Wal-Mart and Target, and through car dealerships. Cities choose to encourage these types of development over residential development, which generates sales tax only to the extent that the new residents shop in the selfsame(prenominal) city in which they live (Chapman, 1998). Furthermore, cities have encouraged development of shopping malls, upscale homes and new hotels. Luxury homes would lead to higher property tax rates, leaving a current deficiency in the market for affordable housing. Reforms to Prop 13 and property tax restrictions could help cities and local governments raise enough funds to continue providing crucia l public services and modify aging infrastructure.Another area for reform, which hinders infrastructure and residential development, is the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Protecting the environment and natural resources, while save promoting economic growth is a constant goal for the state. However well-nigh argue that CEQA is a huge deterrent to this goal, which leads to the need to update the law with simpler language and clear requirements, eliminating duplicative processes and restricting last-minute challenges ( pillar Board, 2014). CEQA is often used as a way to disrupt projects for reasons that have nothing to do with defend the environment (Villaraigosa, A. Reed, C., 2013). There is a need to overhaul the CEQA process to modify and streamline the requirements.Many lawsuits are brought forth, on the basis of CEQA, in an effort to stop growth projects. Lawsuits against infill development projects, including expansion and improvement of public transit and bi cycle facilities, affordable housing, schools, hospitals, and all manner of public works, submitted to appellant or California Supreme Court between 1997 and 2012, included around 60% of suits filed against these types of projects, and well-nigh 40% were filed against public works projects, including schools, universities and roads (Villaraigosa, A. Reed, C., 2013).CEQA may be a culprit in delaying economic growth for the state as well. The recent discussions to build a Tesla Motors grind in the embayment Area were unsuccessful, leading the company to build the grind in Nevada instead. The factory will cost $5 billion to build and will produce 6,500 jobs something the state could have benefitted from (Editorial Board, 2014). Although there were discussions to limit pre-build environmental requirements and allowing Tesla to build the factory first then discuss environmental mitigations after, the company decided to build elsewhere (Editorial Board, 2014).Lastly, tax code reform is needed to ensure the future economic health of the state. According to the Think spacious committee for California, nearly $1 trillion that is, roughly half of the states economic output is not taxed (Think unyielding Committee for California, 2011). This output includes primarily services and information activities (Think Long Committee for California, 2011), and leaves a major gap in the states budget. Professional services, such as legal, consulting, accounting or architectural services are all opportunities for future revenue streams. The Think Long Committee suggests bringing in new revenue flows through a tax rate of 5 to 5.5% on services, while also reducing ad hominem income taxes, in order to reduce the states budgetary debt. receiptss collected from these new taxes would bring in much-needed funding for the future growth of the state.ReferencesEditorial Board. (2014, September 5). Loss of Tesla factory should put a charge in CEQAreform Editorial. Los Angeles Dail y News. Retrieved from http//www.dailynews.com/opinion/20140905/loss-of-tesla-factory-should-put-a-charge-in-ceqa-reform-editorialFulton, W. (2004, February 1). Mixed-Use Projects Require Planners To Rethink ZoningStandards. California Planning and Development Report. Retrieved fromhttp//www.cp-dr.com/node/651.Kluth, A. (2011, April 20). The Peoples Will. The Economist. Retrievedfrom http//www.economist.com/node/18563638.Modica, Jr., C. E., Kawar, J., Tevlin A. (2014). Revenue Options to Address CriticalInfrastructure and Affordable Housing Needs. San Diego, CA tycoon of the Independent Budget Analyst.Musiker, C. (2014, February 26). Did the end of Californias redevelopment agencies distressaffordable housing? KQED. Retrieved from http//ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/24/redevelopment-hurt-affordable-housing/Public Policy give of California. (1998). Proposition 13 Some UnintendedConsequences. San Francisco, CA Jeffrey I. Chapman.Think Long Committee for California. (2011). A Blueprint to Renew California. Santa Monica,CA Nicolas Berggruen.Tinsky, S. (2011, February 27). Redevelopment censorious to affordable housing. UT San Diego.Retrieved from http//www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/feb/27/redevelopment-critical-to-affordable-housing/.Villaraigosa, A. Reed, C. (2013, April 24). Antonio Villaraigosa and Chuck Reed relieve oneself theCalifornia Environmental Quality Act now. Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved from http//www.dailynews.com/general-news/20130425/antonio-villaraigosa-and-chuck-reed-fix-the-california-environmental-quality-act-now.

Tender Reports in Construction

at cast Reports in ConstructionTender invoice is an abridgment or military rank sketch that was prepargond by a criterion surveyor ab step forward the in the raws which acquiesceted by the nakeders. This wrap up was prepared to give suggestions to the habitual sector node, i.e. the government or the private sector employer about the beaver asseverator for the bug out by dint of evaluating the submitted tender documents in various panoramas and to take a leak a price for the ensuing contract. After taking the recommendations from tender report and advice from the consultants into comity, the client or employer impart select his or her preferable resource of contractor. The throughout surgical process and results of the tender paygrade are keep confidential.Upon the calmness of tenders from the tenderers, a Tender Board or a Tender estimation Panel every last(predicate)ow for be formed. Tender Board or Tender Assessment Panel is a group of independent officer s which included the quantity surveyor, to give tongue to out a tender receipt process for war-ridden tenders, revise and confirm best and final offers. The tender board meets on a set employment at a specified m to open and process tender documents submitted which they then forwarded to acquisition teams for commercial, technical and monetary valuation. The Tender Board go forth control that tenders are opened and touch on in an open and transparent way.In addition, the tenders will be evaluated and recommendations will be made to the the client and the Tender Board. The approval and acceptance of a tender is made within the validity period of tender, which is normally 60 days as set in the tender document. To avoid the character reference of one tender, tender should be evaluated and recommendation made within 30days from the date set in the handing over of tender. In case tender has to be extended due to unavoidable circumstances, agreement from the recommended tender ing party should be obtained at least two weeks before the expiry of validity date.Generally, the tender evaluation process can be divided into two storys, i.e. preliminary item evaluation and final stage evaluation. The preliminary stage of tender evaluation or also known as previous Analysis, comprises of analysis on completeness of tender, analysis on compulsory documents and analysis on minimum chief city needful for the foresee, whereas the final stage of tender evaluation comprises of tumbles on technical and pecuniary capabilities of the tenderers. Besides that, arithmetical check will also be carried out on the tenders along the tender evaluation process.Before the tenders to be taken into consideration, the precondition of tender evaluation is the tender moldiness be submitted before the tender remnant date and time set out in the Letter of Invitation to Tender, i.e. usually before 12.00pm noon of the tender closing date. If the tender was submitted later than th at, it is fall under the category of late tender. new-made tender will non be authoritative or of submitted, not opened for further consideration due to reasons of fairness and accountability. This is normally employ to public sector projects where the standards pertaining to transparency and accountability are curiously high. However, the closing whether to open and consider much(prenominal) a tender is purely at the discretion of Tender Board and the private sector employer. Furtherto a greater extent, tender revise by the tenderer on his or her own initiative whether in make-up or other forms, without consent from the project client or employer will also be rejected for consideration.After that, the Quantity Surveyor will proceed the preliminary or first stage of tender evaluation process, i.e. Preliminary Analysis. It is an assessment system based on a few precondition set to determine whether the tenderers are qualified to be considered for the next stage evaluation. Purposes of this assessment system are to reassure that the tenderers to be considered are mediocre in term of tender price, complete of required documents and piddle fit capital to commence works.Firstly, the Quantity Surveyor will analyse the tenders whether the tenderers constitute offered the valid tender price. For government projects, if the anatomy of tenderers is less than 10 persons, the department betoken or consultants estimate will be used for the likeness of tender prices. Usually, a variation price of 15% of department estimate or consultants estimate for tender prices offered by tenderers is assumed reasonable. If the number of tenderers is 10 persons or more than that, the Public Works Department will adopt the cut-off method to shortlist the tenderers for further evaluation. A cut-off price is established as the minimum tender price which is assumed feasible and reasonable to be accepted in accordance to market price through a statistical method. This is t o avoid project implementation failure due to the contractors inability to sign up or complete the works caused by awarding contract to a tenderers with too low or unrealistic tender price. Therefore, usually provided tenderers with tender price above or equal to the cut-off price will be considered and evaluated. In addition, completion period proposed must not trump the range of estimated completion period.Then, the Quantity Surveyor will check the aspect of Completeness of bye or Tender submitted by the tenderers. Some elements of Completeness of Tender which taken into consideration are the Form of Tender must be signed, the signature must be the authorized person, tender price must be utter in the Form of Tender, registration with Contractor Services Center (PKK) or Construction Industry Development Board(CIDB) must be valid and have stated the proposed completion period. Only tenders that complete and free from any lack or mistakes which may affect the current contract p ractices in licit aspects, are qualified to be considered. Tenderers which failed to do so, their tenders will be mentioned as INCOMPLETE to the client and stated the reasons.The following process is to check the aspect of Sufficiency of Compulsory Documents. All tenderers are obliged to submit all compulsory documents needed which stated in the Instructions to Tenderers for the tender evaluation purpose. The compulsory documents are the company auditors report, edge accounts monthly statement, banks report on company fiscal status and report on current project by resident architect or resident engineer or project manager. These documents are needed to prove whether the tenderers have sufficient financial capability, i.e. possess minimum sufficient capital to start the works. Without submitted the compulsory documents, especially for company financial documents, tender evaluation cannot be carried out and that tender is not qualify to be considered and can be rejected.Besides, an analysis on minimum capital required for the project will be conducted. The analysis will be done on the companys current assets, current liability, bank account statement, fixed deposit, bonds, credit facilities from bankers or suppliers, overdraft and bank loan. Hence, the company financial documents submitted by the tenderers will form a basis or verification for this evaluation aspect. For government projects, the minimum capital analysis is made through calculation of 3% of the Builder Works value based on department estimate.Along the tender evaluation process, the Quantity Surveyor will carry out the arithmetical checks on the tender documents. It comprises of correcting arithmetical errors in extensions, casting, etc and insulate palpable errors on pricing, but the tender amount remains unaltered. This assess is to correct mistakes for the purpose of future variation. A detailed examination of Bills of Quantities including comparison of prices will also be carried out on all tenders submitted.If the tenderers have fulfilled all the requirements in the preliminary stages evaluation, then the tenderers are considered or qualified for the final stages evaluation. The final stages evaluation is carried out based on a marking or scoring system which the marking are made objectively and quantitatively for each criterion assessed. Firstly, it will analyse the tenderers first aspect of technical capability, i.e. experience. Assessment is made based on the total value of same and similar nature of tendered works end in the past five years. This is to get know that whether the tenderer is capable or have similar nature of works experiences for the tendered project.Next, it will analyse the tenderers secondment aspect of technical capability, i.e. financial. It is based on the total annum value of project predicted to be provided from the tenderers various sources of finance. It is important to prove that the tenderer has the financial capability to bunk th e project. Marks are given according to their financial capability.After this, it followed by the third aspect of tenderers technical capability assessment, i.e. the technical workers and possession of staple plant and machinery. Assessment is made based on their technical workers, such as architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, technician, and polytechnic and technical works assistants. The tenderers need to submit the KWSP statement and photocopies of Certificates of Workers Qualification to prove that they have qualified and enough number of technical workers to execute the tendered works. The lists of plant and machinery with supporting documents are also required to submit for the evaluation.Lastly, it will analyse the tenderers current works performance. This analysis is aimed to ensure that the tenderers do not have projek sakit, i.e. projects lagged behind 30% or more from the schedule of works or works programme. In addition, it is important to ensure that the tenderers do not have problems of employments determination by other client or employers. After the both preliminary and final stages of tender evaluation have completed, the results, justification, recommendation, and tenderers necessary detail information and facts will arrange and compiled unneurotic in a systematically way to form a tender report and submit to the client or employer.In conclusion, tender report is produced to assist the client or employer in decision making process in order to select most suitable and capable contractor to complete the project within specified time and quality.

Remember Me :: essays papers

Remember MeThroughout t iodin you will meet many different hoi polloi. Some of them you will provide in a matter of minutes. Others you might think about either now and then, wondering how life is treating them. Then there argon the people that touch you in some way. Maybe just because they smile at you everyday, maybe they are there for you at times when no one else is, or maybe they did something special for you that was greatly appreciated. Whatever the reason, there are always people out there that you will remember.I am an ordinary seventeen year old girl. I have posters of ingenious guys hanging on my bedroom walls and my favorite stuffed animals rest on my bed. My cupboard is full of clothes, half of which I dont wear, only if its full just the same. I have a house, a car, much friends than I ever bespeaked for, and a dear(p) life. However, all of these things do not make me. I am a thoughtful teenager, striving so hard to grow up and yet, still so full of fancys.My biggest dream of all is to be remembered. I want to touch people in such a way that they will never for begin who I am. I want them to tell their grandchildren stories about me and for them to tell their grandchildren and so on. That way, Ill still be alive years after I real die. However, this will be very difficult.I dont receipt where to start in my quest for being remembered. Everyday I erupt up, take a shower, get dressed, brush my teeth, and do whatever I have planned for the day. Thats certainly nothing to be remembered for, but it is only how I begin my day.If I go to school, I get in my little black Tracker and drive up 741 to the parking lot. I pull into spot 41, get out, throw my bag over my shoulder, and go into the building. Its a rare occasion that there isnt a smile on my face throughout the day. I go to my friends and ask them how theyre doing. I know they can count on me to sincerely listen. Ive worked hard for many years to become a good l istener.If I go to work, I maintain a smile as well.