Understand the Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture

Introduction The aim of this unit is to give learners an understanding of individual and group behaviour in organisations and to examine current theories and their application in managing behaviour in the workplace. Areas of Learning 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Types of organisation and associated structures, organisational culture, Diagnosing behavioral problems, perception, significance and of individual difference, Individual behaviour at work 2 Understand different approaches to management and leadershipDevelopment of management thought, functions of management, managerial roles, nature of managerial authority, Frames of reference for leadership activities 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Motivation theories, motivation and performance, leadership, Leadership and successful change in organizations 4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations Teams and team building, team dynamics, Impact of technology on team functioning: 1|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 -BLANK PAGE- 2|PageBTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 UNIT INTRODUCTION This unit focuses on the behaviour of individuals and groups within organisations. It explores the links between the structure and culture of organisations and how these interact and influence the behaviour of the workforce. The structure of a large multinational company, with thousands of employees worldwide, will be very different from a small local business with 20 employees. The way in which an organisation structures and organises its workforce will impact on the development of its culture.A collection of shared values and beliefs will determine and shape the accepted patterns of behaviour of an organisations workforce. Depending upon various factors such as type of industry/sector of the economy, culture of the external community in which the organization operates, physica l environment, profile of the workforce, and size, the cultures of different organizations can vary significantly. The structure and culture of an organisation are key factors that contribute to motivating the workforce at all levels of the organisation.The Japanese were instrumental in developing a culture of ‘continuous improvement through teamwork’ in their manufacturing industry. This feature of a culture has now been exported around the world and plays a major role in the way in which structure and culture contribute to patterns of behaviour in the workplace. This unit, through studying the dynamic relationships between structure and culture, will help learners to appreciate how these two aspects of a business organization can impact the behavior and outcomes of its workforce.SCENARIO You are newly appointed store manager of one of the biggest TESCOS supermarkets in Ireland with members of staff from different cultural and racial background, which required an organ izational culture, teamwork, and participatory decision making style, in order to achieve your short-term and long-term goals. You were recommended to the CEO and Board of Directors to take the above position based on your achievements as a Mini TESCOS supermarket in London.As part of your responsibilities, you are also required to apply different management styles and motivational theories, in order to achieve positive results from the company’s activities. In order to achieve the above objectives, you have to complete the following four (4) tasks: 3|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Task 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1. 1 Compare and contrast three different organizational structures and cultures. 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s tructure and culture can influence on the performance of the TESCOS’ activities at this Irish site. 1. 3 Identify and provide an overv iew of four factors that can influence individual behavior in the workplace at the Irish TESCOS. Task 2:Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. 1: Compare and contrast three different leadership styles for three different business organizations. 2. 2: Explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management for the Irish TESCOS scenario. 2. 3: Evaluate four different approaches to management used by different organizations.Task 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations 3. 1 Discuss how different leadership styles may impact employee motivation in organizations in periods of change. In tackling this task, discuss to what extent specific leadership styles may positively or negatively could affect performance in specific change scenarios (e. g. adoption of new staff rota, etc. ). Please provide how this could help with a change at TESCOS in Ireland. 3. 2 Identify and discuss the application of three different motivational t heories within the workplace. 3. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers at the TESCOS in Ireland. Task 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations 4. 1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organizations. 4. 2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit, limit, or undermine the development of effective teamwork in organizations (physical, social, etc. ) 4. 3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within such an organization as TESCOS in Ireland. 4|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12Submissions Deadlines Tasks 1 (Assignment) 2 (Assignment) 3 & 4 (Assignment) Submissions Guidelines Deadline 4th Week of September 3rd week of October 4th week of November Hardcopy of the assignment should be submitted at the college reception on or before at 4. 00 pm on the date specified. There is no stipulated length for the work but it should not be less exceed 3000 words for all tasks. All w ork must be delivered in softcopy versions. The softcopy should be uploaded on to the security purposes, learners should keep both copies with them. All be properly referenced. han 2000 words or both hardcopy and student portal. For assignments should 5|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Assessment Information Grading Criteria All Assignments will be assessed according to the following grading. Pass: To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to: LO1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1. 1 compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture 1. 2 explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business 1. discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work LO2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organi sations 2. 2 explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations LO3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations 3. 1 discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change 3. compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace 3. 3 evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers LO4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation. 6|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Merit and Distinction: The grade descriptors provide a framework for the reation of gra ding criteria to be written and set within the context of the assignment. The grade descriptors describe the expected qualities of the learner’s work at Merit and distinction levels. The merit and distinction levels have three descriptors. Merit Descriptors: M1- Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions. Answers reflect that effective judgments have been made about the specific content and the information. The answers show that an effective approach to study and research has been applied within the scenario e. g. comparing features, theories and models comparison etc.M2 – Select /Design and apply appropriate methods / techniques An accurate standard method has been used in defining information sources is well justified and summarized. M3 – Present and communicate appropriate findings A clear, accurate standard for presenting information has been used in terms of diagrams, charts, tables. Distinction Descriptors D1- Use Critical reflection to ev aluate own work and justify valid conclusions Proper evaluation and justification shown in all the answers and relevant conclusions have been arrived at thorough synthesis of ideas.D2- Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities Independence – Tasks have been attempted with minimal assistance provided by the lecturer D3- Demonstrate convergent/lateral/ creative thinking Ideas have been generated and proper evaluation and decisions taken based on facts gathered within the scenario 7|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Assessment Marking Grid Task Assessment Criteria (A. C) 1. 1 Pass Merit Distinction ? ? –M1 -M2 D2 —-D1 D3 —D1 — One 1. 2 1. 3 2. 1 Two 2. 2 ? 2. 3 3. 1 Three 3. 2 3. ? -Four 4. 1 4. 2 ? 4. 3 ? -? -? M3 —- ? ? ? ? 8|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Assignment Instructions Students are requested to comply with the following instructions on handing in their assign ment work †¢ †¢ Work should be comprehensively referenced Sources must be acknowledged fully by reference books, journals used and URL visited Include the Harvard Referencing System (guide is available on the college resources portal) All work should be word-processed, font size of 12 and font style of Times New Roman or Arial.Subtitles of the assignment should be in the font size of 14. Pages should be numbered in bottom right hand corner Spell check the document and read thoroughly for grammatical errors 1. 5-line spacing is preferable Bibliography at the end of the assignment All paragraphs should be aligned in justified mode. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 9|Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 References Textbooks Buchanan, D. and Huczynski, A. (2004) Organizational Behaviour: An Introduction Text (5th Ed). Harlow: Prentice Hall. French, W. Bell, C. (1984) Organization development: behavioral science Interventions for o rganization improvement. (3rd ed. ) New Jersey: Prentice hall Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R. (2006) Organizational Behavior: key concepts, skills, & best practices ( 2nd ed. ) McGraw Hill Mullins, L. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour. (8th ed. ) London: FT/Prentice Hall Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2008) Essentials of Organizational Behavior (9th Ed. ) New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall Smith, M. et al (1982) Introducing organizational behavior.London: Macmillan Brooks I — Organisational Behaviour, Individuals, Groups and Organisation 2nd Edition(Prentice Hall, 2003) ISBN: 0877781265 Huczynski A and Buchanan D — Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text (Prentice Hall, 2000) ISBN: 0273651021 Maccoby M — Why Work: Motivating and Leading the New Generation (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1998) ISBN: 067147281X (Outlines the changing nature of the workplace and categorises people into five types, giving the characteristics and sources of motivation and de motivation of each. ) 10 | P a g e BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12

Kill the Media

The formation of personal identity in present-day society can be seen as awkward and challenging. Many teenagers gravitate towards the media for direction on how to stay up-to-date and fresh on trends while going through a tumultuous puberty stage. The dominant influence of accepted media affects every individual’s sense of self. Lauren Moak, author of â€Å"Is This What You Really Want? † attempts to explain the effect media portrayal has on a younger audience’s stance on beauty and self-esteem. She states, â€Å"The media sends the same message on every commercial, billboard, and television show out there. If you do not have the perfect shape, clear complexion†¦well, you’re not â€Å"beautiful†. † (Moak). Moak verifies that the mainstream media crafts images that youthful individuals struggle to become. Every day many girls strive to fit the mold the media has created. Girls fixate over thin frames, tan skin, and unattainable facial features. What many fail to realize is that most, if not all, images are airbrushed or photo-shopped to transform the average face of a model to an unrealistic being. Moak further elucidates her point by saying, â€Å"The media says that if we all fail at achieving this â€Å"ideal† body image, we must try harder no matter what the costs. †(Moak). Attempting to assemble an identity in a media-saturated world is nearly impossible. Everything one does is inspiration from the media and what society deems as â€Å"right†. Self-individuality cannot coexist with popular media. Personal identity, as well as gender identity suffers from the media. Many images from popular media exhibit cliched, constricting, and naive perceptions on various issues, most commonly being gender. David Sedaris, author of â€Å"I Like Guys†, explains his self-awareness of his own sexuality and the portrayal of homosexuals by the media and close people around him. Early into his essay, he describes, â€Å"It was my hope to win a contest, cash in the prizes, and use the money to visit a psychiatrist who might cure me of having homosexual thoughts. † (Sedaris). By Sedaris wanting to instantly be cured from homosexual thoughts, it shows that homosexuality is not acceptable in his society. He also explains viewing homosexual men on television and looking down upon them. This is parallel to the gender identity issues in present-day society because the media is yet again forcing their viewpoints onto others and limiting individual’s perception of people. This, in turn, leads to new stereotypes and discrimination against sexes. One should not feel ashamed, but instead entitled to one’s own views and standpoints on issues. Sedaris expresses the immediate shame he felt after an encounter with another boy. He states, â€Å"My jealousy stemmed from the belief that he had been cured. One fistful of my flesh and he had lost all symptoms of the disease†¦why couldn’t I do the same? † (Sedaris). The media’s continuous backlash to painful topics causes gender identity issues to prevail. Judith Ortiz Cofer, author of â€Å"The Myth Of The Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† attempts to explain the effect media portrayal has on a younger audience’s stance on beauty and self-esteem. She states, â€Å"The media sends the same message on every commercial, billboard, and television show out there. If you do not have the perfect shape, clear complexion†¦well, you’re not â€Å"beautiful†. (Cofer). Moak verifies that the mainstream media crafts images that youthful individuals struggle to become. Every day many girls strive to fit the mold the media has created. Girls fixate over thin frames, tan skin, and unattainable facial features. What many fail to realize is that most, if not all, images are airbrushed or photo- shopped to transform the average face of a model to an unrealistic being. Moak further elucidates her point by saying, â€Å"The media says that if we all fail at achieving this â€Å"ideal† body image, we must try harder no matter what the costs. (Cofer). Attempting to assemble an identity in a media-saturated world is nearly impossible. Everything one does is inspiration from the media and what society deems as â€Å"right†. Self-individuality cannot coexist with popular media. The formation of personal identity in present-day society can be seen as awkward and challenging. Many teenagers gravitate towards the media for direction on how to stay up-to-date and fresh on trends while going through a tumultuous puberty stage. The dominant influence of accepted media affects every individual’s sense of self.

Steel Making Methods

Steel Making Methods | Advantages| Disadvantages| Basic Oxygen Furnaces| * Very high production rates and low residual element * Does not burn fuel| * Good efficiency requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High refurbishing costs. * High dependence on blast furnace/coking. | Electric Arc Furnaces| * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. * Excessive electricity required. * Requires a steady supply of scrap metal * High transportation cost * Enclosures to reduce high sound levels * Dust collector  for furnace off-gas * Slag production * Cooling water demand * Heavy truck traffic for scrap, materials handling, and product| The first step in the process, is to make the steel itself. The most common m ethod of steel making, constituting for over 60% of worldwide production uses a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). This process includes taking over 75% pig iron and reducing it to a low-carbon steel in an abundance of oxygen.The second type utilises Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs). This involves melting up to 100% recycled scrap and reforming it using the heat produced from electrical arcs between highly charged electrodes. Figure 2 (right & below): EAF Process Figure 2 (right & below): EAF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process From the table above it is clear to see that without an established, effective transport system that allows for large amounts of scrap metal to be processed, the Basic Oxygen Method has fewer disadvantages.However, as TATA Steel already has an efficient system in place, the most feasible method would be using Electric Arc Furnaces. Despite initial costs, using EAFs save on energy and raw materials, making it more environmental and cost frie ndly in the long run. ‘Whilst a typical integrated (ie. BOF-route) steel mill today costs about $1100 per tonne of installed capacity, a medium-size EAF-route mini-mill today costs under $300 per tonne in terms of the initial capital outlay. ‘1 Casting Methods The next stage in the process is to shape the steel and this is done by casting.Casting involves allowing molten metal to be poured into a mould to it can cool and solidify into a desired shape. The two most common methods of casting are Ingot Casting and Continuous Casting. The first of which is a traditional method that has largely been discontinued in mass production since the 1950s. It involves moulding the steel into bars (or ingots) before being reshaped and treated. Continuous casting however misses out the ingot stage and skips straight to having the metal in the form of slabs, billets or blooms for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills.Figure 4 (left): Continuous Casting Process Figure 4 (left): Contin uous Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Because Continuous Casting is basically an â€Å"evolved† version of Ingot Casting, there are now little or no advantages of Ingot Casting. Continuous Casting is more advantageous because: * Reduced overall costs * Improved quality  of steel due to less variability in chemical composition both along the thickness and along the length and surface has fewer defects. * Increased yield, since it is not necessary to crop the ends of continuously cast slabs. Reduced energy costs  because the slabs are sent directly to hot rolling and do not require pits for reheating. Also, the thicknesses of continuously cast slabs are half the thickness of ingot castings and thus require lower energy for hot rolling. * Less pollution/emissions. * More amenability over the dimensions. Because of all this, the clearly logical method to use for mass production is Continuous Casting because for some thing as mass produced as Automotive Gears, the initial investment spent on start up costs would be quickly made up.Case Hardening Methods Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high stress situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components exterior without affecting its more ductile interior.For gears, case hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening, which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less ductile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core. There a re several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear resistance) the component gets.This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench media. Carburising This is a diffusion-based process used on low-carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon-rich environment at high temperatures, commonly between 870oC and 1010oC, for over a period of time until the carbon composition of the surface layer has chemically increased. At this stage the iron phase changes from ferrite to austenite, a state that is able to dissolve more carbon.The component is then quenched in water or a oil based solution, which is a rapid cooling process that produces a hard surface layer, where volume expansion on the surface is greater than the core thereby compre ssing the surface, locking the carbon atoms, transforming the iron phase to a martensitic state which ultimately improves its overall tensile and yield strength. This method requires the entire component to be heated and quenched, therefore protecting the component with a protective layer to case harden specific sections is necessary.There are two types of carburizing methods used in the manufacturing industries, namely atmosphere carburizing and vacuum carburising, the former being the more commonly used as it has the ability to produce high volume output and has lower capital equipment costs, while vacuum carburising offers a more uniform case depth which in turn reduces distortion as well as the ability to reach higher temperatures therefore reducing processing times. Induction Heating This is a process of passing an alternating current through a coil around the component to generate a magnetic field, where eddy currents are induced.This along with the resistivity of steel compon ents generates heat, austenitising the surface of the component. The depth to which case hardening occurs is determined by the frequency of the current, such that lower frequencies creates a deeper hardened material. This method allows for localised case hardening of the gear tooth with its core material still unaltered. The gear surface is then similarly quenched in water or an oil based solution, transforming it to a martensite.Single-shot hardening is where the entire component is heated in one procedure whilst progressive hardening involves the heating and quenching processes progressively. Induction heating is a relatively fast process that offers accurate heating at precise sections, minimising distortion as well as causes minimal changes to the geometry of the gear, as well as faster cooling rates that creates harder surface layers. Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process The Strength of Automotive GearsThe simplest method of calculating the strength necessary of any gear is to consider the maximum load on the tip of a single gear tooth. The Lewis Equation can be used to calculate a relatively accurate minimum UTS needed from the steel tooth with non-complex dimensions. In the automotive industry, varieties of different steels are made specifically for different components in different vehicles. The steel grades used on conventional cars can generally withstand a minimum of 750MPa whereas motorsport and military vehicles are made with much more superior grades, some able to withstand up to 2050MPa.Hardenability Results Using SEP1664 The SEP1664 model can be used to find the hardness at a series of depths, following case hardening, for 11 different steel types. The Rockwell hardness (HRC) at a given depth is found using the following equation: HRC=a0+a1mC+a2mSi+a3mMn+a4mP+a5mS+a6mCr+a7mMo+a8mNi+a9mAl+a10mCu+a11mN+a12mB+a13mTi+a14mV a0 -14 are coefficients available in the SEP1664 tables and mX is the mass proportion of additive X. A spreadsheet was created which used a VBA macro to find steel compositions that met the hardenability criteria by trial and error.Several percentage masses for each additive within the range specified by the SEP1664 tables were tested. Solutions were sorted in order of increasing raw material cost. This macro was run for each of the 11 steel types. Three steel types were found to be too hard. Of the remaining eight, there was sufficient data to evaluate hardness at all the required depths for four. For the other four it was possible to infer from the hardness trend that steel could be produced which was suitable for all depth levels.The cheapest result was for the steel type specified as being approximately 1% chromium by mass (tables 1a and 1b from the SEP1664 model) at $161. 67 per tonne. For this alloy the hardness at 11mm depth was borderline acceptable. The additives making the gr eatness contribution to hardness were determined so they could be varied to give a greater margin for error. The importance of each additive at each depth could be found from the equation by multiplying the coefficient by the additive amount (i. e. evaluating the relevant anmX term) and calculating its percentage contribution to the total hardness.The three most important additives for each depth level and the relative importance of the different additives at 11mm depth are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Table 2: The Three Most Important Additives In Terms Of Contribution To HRC For Each Depth Importance| 1. 5| 3| 5| 7| 9| 11| 13| 15| 20| 25| 30| #1| C| C| C| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| #2| Mn| Cr| Cr| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| #3| N| Mn| N| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Table 3: Relative Additive Contributions To HRC At 11mm Depth C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| 40. 1%| 0. 7%| 13. 9%| 0. 0%| 0. %| 40. 6%| 0. 0%| 0. 1%| 4. 3%| 0. 2%| 0. 0%| Adjusting the appr opriate additives gave a greater margin for error for a small increase in cost ($2. 32 per tonne, total cost $163. 99 per tonne). The composition of this steel is shown in Table 3. A plot of HRC against depth is shown in Figure 1 along with the hardenability criteria, it can be seen that the hardness, which tends to decrease with depth following case hardening, is very unlikely to exceed the stipulated maximum hardness at the depths for which data is unavailable, no minimum hardness is stipulated for these depths.A Jominy test is recommended on a sample of this steel, once it has been manufactured, to ensure that the hardenability criteria are met. The amount of carbon, chromium and manganese must be controlled to within 3% of the given values, tight control is not necessary for other additives. Table 4: Chosen Steel Composition Additive| C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| Amount| 0. 248%| 0. 02%| 0. 63%| 0. 004%| 0. 038%| 0. 947%| 0. 005%| 0. 010%| 0. 051%| 0. 017%| 0. 0148%| Figure 7: Hardenability Curve For Chosen Steel (Blue) And Cheapest Steel (Red), The Criteria Are Shown In Black

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Wal-Mart is known to be slow in internationalization. It has been flopped in Germany already. Its endeavour into India is full of strategic risks. 2. Wal-Mart has entered into India with a 50-50 partnership with Bhartia, a legendry retail brand. This has minimized Wal-Mart’s own business freedom. 3. Government policies in India have not allowed Wal-Mart to use its brand name and logos. It is a mere back-end supporter, not a retailing brand there. Thus, Wal-Mart is facing a great and risky business challenge in India. It has to be careful enough not to deviate from cultural regulations and norms as it is already facing reservations from patriotic political parties and local retailers being only foreign. Any more deviation might repeat what happened in Germany. To be successful, Wal-Mart has to merge into the national culture so as not to present the image of an alien to the Indian clientele. Introduction Wal-Mart is a U.S based Multinational Corporation, which operates chains o f warehouse stores and discount departmental stores in the U.S and 15 other countries. The company is listed on the NYSE, and is reported to be the world’s largest public corporation by revenue (Forbes Global 2000 as cited in Hayden et al, 2002). Wal-Mart has 8500 stores in 15 countries and has been mostly successful in its venture into the global market. Once asked if Wal-Mart was trying to take over the world, the reply from one of the senior heads from Wal-Mart, with a smile on his face was, â€Å"I don't think so, and all we want to do is grow†. This has been evident from the aggressive growth and expansion strategy adopted by Wal-Mart both within and outside the U.S. It has been expanding with massive momentum, with the strategy of â€Å"Always Low Prices Always† and has taken over the retail industry in many countries. However, it has stumbled in its smooth expansion in countries like Germany, where Wal-Mart became a text book case of â€Å"how not to ent er a foreign market† (Peng, 2009). The success of Wal-Mart in its home country, and a variety of other markets like Argentina, Brazil, Britain, Canada, China, Japan, Mexico and Puerto Rico do not seem to have translated into the German market and therefore, Wal-Mart’s expansion plans must be carefully evaluated before giving them a green signal. Wal-Mart knows that venture into India will not be an easy feat because of the market dynamics. Analysis of Wal-Mart Business Strategies To understand Wal-Mart’s position in international business, an analysis of its internationalization, entry and corporate strategies is must. This analysis is as follows: Firm Motivations for Internationalization Internationalization has always been a risky move. Wal-Mart’s failure in Germany or its initial struggle in Mexico clearly indicates that expansion abroad should be carefully evaluated to see whether going abroad is warranted. Source: Global strategy by Mike Peng Wal-Mart falls in cell 3 and may be termed as slow as it internationalizes. The company is still in exploring locations in U.S. In 2010, it opened about 600 international stores, while only about 150 in U.S. However, its pace of internalization is slower than some of its competitors, like Carrefour in France, or Metro in Germany. According to John B. Menzer, Wal-Mart India’

Business decision making question paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business decision making question - Term Paper Example The Principal-agent relationship refers to a contractual or non contractual relationship between two persons or parties (principle and an agent) whereby the principle authorise the agent to act on his or her behalf to establish a legal relationship with the third party. An agent may make non-optimal solution (irrational decision) to a problem facing him or her especially when undertaking tasks that are useful to the principle but costly to him or her. If the cost of running the project is higher on the side of the agent, the principle may undertake to compensate the agent by paying him or her more benefits or supervise the agent more keenly to protect project’s interests from those of the agent. Thus promote a more rational decision making approach. Satisficer is a person who seeks a satisfactory solution as compared to the optimal (rational) solution. This kind of a solution is arrived at when it becomes too costly or when resources are not adequate to arrive at an optimal solution. Therefore, the decision maker tries to select solutions that meet a specific need or solutions that seems to address most of his or her needs. For example, there is a task for sewing a patch onto a military uniform. The best needle to do the sewing is a four and half (4.5) inch long needle with a three (3) millimetre eye. However, the correct needle is hidden in a hay stack along with 2000 needles of different sizes. It will be extremely hard, waste of energy and time to find the exact needle. Therefore, a satisfying solution is to pick the first needle that can sew the patch. Tricky Dicky Enterprises is considering the possibility of expanding its factory premises. Local elections will soon take place and the firm assume that pay-offs will vary as follows depending on the outcome of the election: Assume that the probability of Party A winning the

Write a summary on any article about Infection Control Assignment

Write a summary on any article about Infection Control - Assignment Example The result is that the infection is spreading faster. The article has reviewed the health care facilities for infection control measures available under the health systems in these countries. It recommends combination of drugs and technology innovation to reduce such infections. The authors suggest that the infection can be controlled with better behavioral and organizational interventions that may be combined with quality improvement initiatives, training and surveillance, at the labor and delivery control units. This article also lays importance on the global awareness initiatives, which must be targeted to maternity care and childbirth interventions to control the development of this infection during childbirth. .(Hussein et al) As per the article, this infection develops during the first six weeks after the delivery. The disease can infect the blood stream, abdominal cavity and womb, causing pain and fever. The cause of this infection stems from the unhygienic methods of vaginal examination, instruments used during the delivery. While poor mothers in least developed countries do not reach health care facilities for child delivery, the same is arranged at home through semi-skilled and illiterate aids. The infection control efforts are hampered by sub-standard clinical practices, overcrowding of health centers, overloaded health and medical workers, and shortage of drugs. Hence, the article has suggested improvements in these, particularly for delivery and labor units.(Hussein et al) Hussein, Julia et al (2011). â€Å"A review of health system infection control measures in developing countries.†, Globalization and healt.com, Retrieved on Feb. 20, 2014, from:

Open Table - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Open Table - - Case Study Example Another reason is that the closest competitors such as MenuPages.com are limited in their services in that though they offer access to restaurant menus and reviews, the visitors to their site cannot make reservations and MenuPages site covers only eight U.S cities. OpenTable has also partnered with onetime competitor Urbanspoon, enabling it to acquire Urbanspoon’s reservation management system, Rezbook, thus becoming Urbanspoon’s reservation provider. Apart from that OpenTable is committed to shrewd technological investments such as mobile Web site, mobile applications that work on just about every Smartphone platform. It has introduced an iPad app that fully integrates with the ERB software and GPS enables mobile uses to locate and make reservations at nearby venues. A new addition has also enabled users to pay for meals with a credit card directly from its apps. 2. The following characteristics of restaurant market make it difficult for a reservation system to work; Foremost restaurant booking systems require a fully secure reservation and cancellation functionalities that should come with confirmation of e-mail. This particular feature is real time and ensures that you are keeping abreast with developments as they take place real time.Secondly,some user interface are difficult to use for the online visitors, making them to be not user friendly to any potential customer who may want to use them.Thirdly,the fact that while in the market of restaurant reservation system online, you require a system that is web based as compared to the one that is installed or rather upgraded on a physical machine makes it difficult for a reservation system to work. 3. OpenTable’s market is susceptible to network effects which means that the more people use it, the more utility the system delivers, which made OpenTable’s growth to continually provide diners with expanded choices. More diners have thus

Flight Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Flight - Research Paper Example The disappointment leads to few people being trained as pilots and even some changing their pilot careers. This paper will discuss the factors that lead to a shortage in the number of pilots in the airline industry. The paper will also offer probable measures that would rectify the solution if implemented. The main reason why  everyone  works is because they want to get salaries. Salaries are the motivation factor for people to work or to desire to join a certain career. The pilot career is among the best white color jobs, but the salaries offered are quite disappointing (Bachman 1). One expects that being in the pilot career; they will receive the best salaries as compared to being in other careers. The technicality in the job also calls for attractive salaries. However, the starting salaries of pilots are very low. Although the salaries may differ depending on the airline, on average, the starting salaries are very low. The educational efforts that one inputs do not match the salary that is provided. This fact keeps away the people who would be willing to train as pilots. Other careers that are in the same level as the pilot career such as medicine and architecture are well paying. The bright students will opt to study medicine and architecture rather that piloting since they expect to have better salaries from the start. Most airlines have failed to address the problem claiming that raising the salaries will lead to increasing travel costs for passengers. However, failing to address one problem has caused bigger problems such as delayed flights that chase away customers (Bachman 1). Most customers would prefer paying more rather than having delays. It is, therefore, necessary that airline managers should address the problem since it will have a double gain. Customer’s loyalty will be build and at the same time, the issue of pilot shortage will be curbed. Their salaries determine the lifestyles that people of a certain

What can we learn about American history and the American experience Essay

What can we learn about American history and the American experience through an in-depth study of the jazz tradition - Essay Example The touch and feel of jazz is purely from an African origin because the mellow feeling was as a result of suffering African slaves underwent in settlement schemes (Whyton 17-21). Thus, an in-depth study of jazz tradition is imperative in giving insight into American history and experience. Thus, they came up with the concept of jazz music as a technique of communicating their sorrows and tribulations they underwent as slaves (Rinzler 3). Jazz music has a blues quality that is a characteristic of soft and mellow voices that further express the feelings of Africans during the slavery period. The slaves would not air their grievances to their masters and so the only way to expel their bitterness was through music and in this case jazz music. In addition, this genre of music is often accompanied by instruments whenever it is performed. The African tradition induced a certain culture into jazz such that an instrument being played would be done in an individual’s expression without following any particular order or rules (Rinzler 7). The Harmony in jazz music is a culture borrowed from Europeans. Additionally, the music has a chorus that is played on a piano, which accompanies tunes. Despite the African tradition having their musical instruments, those used in the performance of jazz music trace their origin in Europe and they include trumpets, saxophones, and pianos among many others. Thus, it is evident this genre of music developed as a result of the integration of two different cultures that had varied backgrounds (Larson 79). Despite the long history often attached to jazz music, it is believed the genre first originated from New Orleans in America, which is a coastal city located in Western America that was a major transient port during the ancient times where ships carrying slaves from Africa and the rest of the world docked. For this reason, the city provided an environment for people from various ethnical

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Question - Essay Example They even ruled Egypt on numerous occasions all through history, either mutually with their husbands, sons or in their right (Gay 33). They were decisive, formidable and competent in that responsibility. Unlike the place of women in many other ancient cultures, like that of Greece, the Egyptian woman appears to have benefited from the same economic and legal rights like the Egyptian man. The women were allowed additional rights and civil liberties than Greek women that were required to live in a less equivalent Greek system (Gay 42). In Sparta, young women were educated in writing and reading and could take part in sports; they were considered more as equals to men. The aim was to generate women who would give birth to strong, healthy babies. At age 18, citizen women had freedom of moving around while enjoying a great deal of freedom. Spartan women could control and own their wealth. In war times, the wife was anticipated to manage her husbands property and to protect it against revolts and invaders until her husband came back. It is only in Sparta did the women had economic influence and power. Moreover, their husbands listened to them (David, Murray and Brody 172). On the other hand, Athenian girls and women were kept at home without taking part in politics or sports. Wives were regarded as their husband’s property and were responsible for weaving spinning, and other domestic arts. Some women had high posts in the custom events as well as Athens’ religious life where the patron was the goddess Athena. Most wealthy women were mostly restricted to staying at home and running the household except courtesans and prostitutes (David, Murray and Brody 354). Women had fewer rights in male-governed Athens, and their treatment was at times hardly better than that of domestic slaves. Generalizations on the women status in the ancient world are usually tricky, and

International Protection of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Protection of Human Rights - Essay Example Throughout history human rights violations have been rampant, often compromising the welfare of citizens. This paper shall discuss the fact that human rights are interdependent and indivisible. It will also discuss the international protection of human rights. This paper is being undertaken in order to provide an academic discussion on human rights including its varied manifestations and safeguards. The idea of interdependence, as well as the indivisibility of human rights, does not include the concept of rights having a hierarchical presentation or enjoyment (Quane, 2009). The re-emergence of the concept of interdependence and indivisibility rose at a time when much focus was attributed by the international community on civil and political rights, mostly as a means of securing and supporting economic as well as socio-cultural rights (Quane, 2009). Essentially, the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights indicated the importance of establishing an equally reinforcing dynamism between the categories of rights. Human rights activists observe that it is not possible to enjoy civil and political rights and not also enjoy economic, as well as socio-cultural rights (Koch, 2003). Under these conditions, the poor would not have much freedom of choice. Moreover, even where rich citizens do not have freedom of choice, they may also not be able to avoid hunger and poverty (Koch, 2003). Such conceptualization supports the essence of interdependence and indivisibility of human rights, mostly based on the fact that human rights mutually support and reinforce each other and have equal weight and importance (Koch, 2003). Outside the above conceptualizations, there seems to be no other acceptable understanding of human rights. At present, the focus of international practice has mostly been on the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights.

Childcare Essay Example for Free

Childcare Essay Birth-12 months- Babies will begin to smile at adults especially at their careers. Will gaze at faces and will copy facial movements. They respond to faces and voices of familiar people around them, they are still shy around strangers but enjoy affection from their careers. They enjoy being held, cuddled and tickled by adults. They will start to talk using babble noises. â€Å"Temper tantrums† may have started. They start to become more demanding and assertive and can express rage at being told ‘no’, they have no idea of sharing and a strong sense of ‘mine’. 1-2years- Are becoming aware of others around them, they may begin to start to display attachment and anxiety separation from carers and adults they are close to. They will begin to start exploring their environment knowing there is a familiar adult nearby for reassurance. As they develop they can start showing signs of emotions e. g. when another child cries they may start crying as well, when another child smiles at them they will smile back. Are very possessive of toys they may have and find it hard to share. Play becomes more fun with other children, and they will mostly be cooperative. They may start to display temper tantrums. 2-3 years-Children will begin to learn about relationships and will start to seek others to share in their experiences and for reassurance. They tend to find it hard to control their feelings especially when they are excited and frustrated. They tend to still look for adults for comfort if they are upset. They are starting to become more independent in things they do. 3-4years- children will begin to social with in a group of children and began to play cooper actively some of the time. They began to take control of their toilet needs and become more independent in the in self-help. They are starting to develop own feelings and start to show empathy towards others. Most children will have started school at the age 4 and will be enjoying their independence. 5-7years-Children will become independent by dressing and undressing themselves. Begin to choose own friends. They start to understand rules and boundaries and like to have structure and routines. They will seek out adults for approval and praise. They have good sense of when other children are upset or sad. Their social skills will be growing as play becomes more cooperative with other children as they enjoy turn taking. They will have a developed a good sense of self-awareness both positive and negative. They now know the difference between right and wrong. Progression towards teenage years- They are a lot more independent in what they do and become less reliant on others. They begin to form good relationships with others and are more aware of their gender. They begin to understand what behaviour is acceptable and what is unacceptable and have a strong sense of what is right and wrong. They are beginning to what their own privacy. They become more concerned of what other people think of them and can often become unsure about new changes. 13-19 years- Become more self-motivated within themselves. Need a lot more reassurance as they start to approach adolescence/puberty, do not appreciate that parent’s get involved in how independent they become as they get older. Mood swings and confrontation become more apparent. Will start to engage in new friendships especially as they progress to further education in a new environment. Becomes more self-conscious about their appearance and social status. Will begin to engage in more adventures activities but may be aware of the forth coming actions due to their involvement. Will begin to think things through before undertaking the action and are more independent in their decisions and intellectual interests. They begin to set goals for their future in education/employment but still worry about failure. Language Birth-12 months-Will communicate with others in different ways such as crying, babbling and squealing and will use their vocal voice and enjoy vocal play alongside adults , will use gestures such as putting arms up to be picked up, when talked to from a familiar person will make own sounds in response. 1-2 years- Speech is starting to develop as they start to respond and understand more words. They are starting to acquire new words on a regularly basis. May start to use one-two word questions and is able to put two words together. 2 years-3years- Will start to become more able to express what they want to adults and start to understand a little more of what adults are saying to them through words and gestures. They will start to extend their vocabulary rapidly up to about 70 words between 1-2 years old; will tend to have conversations with themselves about what they are doing and uses personal words which as they begin to develop their vocabulary and is able to follow one instruction when given by an adult. 3-4 years- Children begin to develop their language skills further by beginning able to say their own name and how they old they are. They begin to have a vocabulary of between 250 words to 500 words and starting to use more complex sentences. Can begin to describe things they are doing and explain why things are happening. 5-7years-Children are becoming to have good communication skills as their conversations and questions they ask become more complex. They are beginning understand the meaning of text and are starting to recognise letters, sounds and words as well as their own written name. They start to understand that one word can mean two things for example orange for fruit and orange as a colour. They are still building on their language in spoken and written form. Progression towards teenage years- They will still be developing their language skills but in a more complex way. Are starting to talk problems through to be able to solve them as their ability to think logically begins to mature. 13-19years- Their language skills are still developing but in a more complex way. Physical Birth-12months- A baby will grow rapidly during their first year of development within weeks a child will begin smiling and will turn the head to respond to different sounds in their environment. They will begin to have a pattern in their own routine for example feeding time and sleep time. On the approach to six months they will begin to roll over from their front to their back and start grasping objects which they will tend to put in their mouth. By 8 months they begin to crawl and by 9 months they begin to start walking. 1-2 years- Most babies will be crawling or possibly still shuffling; they start to pull themselves up on furniture to the standing position to support them to move along from one end to the other. They may start to take a few steps independently or with adult support, they start to become curious about different objects passing toys from one hand to the other , hand eye coordination is developing as they start holding an object in each hand and bringing them together in the middle. They will start to attempt to self-feed themselves with their hands or a spoon and use a cup with two hands. Fine motor skills are developing as they begin to use crayons/pencils in the palmer grasp when mark making. 2-3years- Begins to climb on equipment with confidence, and is able to walk up and down stairs holding onto the rail using two feet at a time. Fine motor skills when mark marking is developing from palmer grasp to tripod grasp as they begin to scribble/draw lines. They have developed the skills to kick a ball and throw a ball, increasingly able to manipulate small objects with hands. They become more independent in their feeding skills as they begin to easily use a spoon and possibly a fork. Potty training will start being introduced as a child begins to control their bowel movements. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before usually with six or seven bricks. 3-4 years- Children are becoming more independent in their choices. Gross motor skills are developing quickly as they begin to run, jump, climb up climbing frames and start to try and ride a tricycles, when mark making will hold pencil between thumb and finger and begins to draw lines and circles and may start to copy some letters from their name. Independence in dressing and undressing has developed and toilet training is more independent. Has more confidence in Self-feeding using a knife and fork. 5-7 years- Children begin to have rapid muscle growth in these years. Pencil control is developing as they start to draw circles, peoples and copying words. Preference for dominant hand is starting to show. Is able to care for own toilet needs independently. Begin to have preferences for likes and dislikes. Dressing becomes more independent as they start to learn how to do buttons laces etc. 7-12 years- They have well established hand eye coordination as mark making skills develop in drawing and printing. They are very active as they start to enjoy team games with other children/adults e. g. hitting balls and chasing each other. Boys begin to engage in a lot of rough and tumble games. The development of girl’s physical development is developing quicker than the boys. 13-19years- These years are classed as the transition from child hood to adult hood (adolescence) as they will start to experience changes in their bodies. The physical development in each child is different at this age as some may just start to mature physically and some may have fully physically matured. Intellectual Birth-12months- babies start to learn through their senses especially by putting things in and out of their mouths. 1-2years- They are still learning through their senses. They start to be curious about things and like to explore objects by using their fingers especially poking their fingers into things and taking things apart. They will start to say the names of familiar objects, people and familiar body parts. Start to use one word sentences â€Å"no† â€Å"bye bye† and starts to enjoy simple songs and rhymes. 2-3years-Are still learning through all their senses, they are still very curious about things in their environment. They are starting to use three to four word senses and start singing simple songs and rhymes. 3-4years- At this age they are still learning through using their senses. Are beginning to use their imagination in play using one object to represent another object and are starting to enjoy role play situations. Begin to start to become more curious and inquisitive about their environment. Has large vocabulary, 1500 to 2000 words as they start to approach the age of 5. 5-7years- children will start to follow instructions by adults and will accept help, although they are still unsure about trying new things if they are unfamiliar with them. Some children may begin to stutter when they get excited to tell someone something or if they are nervous. Colour and number recognition is apparent and may start to write a few letters they recognise. At this age most children are learning to read and write. 7-12years- Children start to have a good attention span and are able to solve more complex problems. Enjoys working hard to complete tasks they are set and enjoys challenging experiences. Are curious about how things work and why things happen. Reasoning and thinking becomes more abstract. They may start to enjoy reading, writing and using books. 13-19years- They start to begin to think logically about concepts. They become more argue mental with others Moral. Birth-12months- Babies do not have moral development at this age. 1-2 years- Are sensitive to adult approval/disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. No understanding of right from wrong, but starting to understand yes or no. 2-3 years- appears to be independent and self-reliant and wants to be good, but is not yet mature enough to be able to carry out most promises. They are starting to understand the word â€Å"no†, they still do not understand right from wrong. 3-4 years- Is starting to understand right from wrong. They are becoming more self-controlled and less aggressive, and may use extreme verbally threats such as â€Å"I will kill you† without realising the full consciousness. 5-7 years- Is becoming aware of right and wrong; is wanting to be good and please adults but may tell lies to blame others for own wrongdoing because of intense desire to please and do right . 7-12 years- Is very concerned with personal behaviour, particularly as it affects family and friends; May experience guilt and shame. Has difficulty in admitting to mistakes but are becoming more capable of accepting failure and mistakes and are aware of consequences of their behaviour. Is aware of right and wrong; wants to do right. 13-19 years- Understands right from wrong and consciences of their actions. They try to weigh alternatives and arrive at a decision of their own. They are very unlikely to lie and are concerned about how other people are treated. They will experience numerous feelings of anger, sorrow and frustration. They may even be interested in sex as response to physical-emotional urges. 1. 2 Analyse the difference between sequences of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important. Identifying the difference between the sequence of rate and the rate of development of children is important as it helps to identify a child’s ability and helps to meet the needs of individual children. It also enables you to be able to identify any special educational needs and helps you to plan effectively to make sure they are getting the help and support they may need in areas they may have gaps in. Sequencing- means a pattern of development in children but this can vary in each child. The sequence is a definite order of developmental milestones that children meet and accomplish over time as they need to finish one area of development before moving to another developmental stage. e. g. rolling over and sitting up occur before learning to walk, a toddler being able to walk before they can run Rate- Is the speed of which children develop but this may vary greatly in each individual child e. g. a child’s will start to babble before they begin to use words. 1. 3 Analyse the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the pattern normally expected There are many factors which contribute to a child not following the pattern of development disability either physical or mental will make them find it harder to learn the same as another child the same age, resources, facilities, possibly restrictions due to a disability, environment (poverty) due to lack of essential resources needed, emotional problems may cause a child to have lack of concentration or interacting skills, culture how people bring up their children. There are reasons why development may not follow expected patterns they are: †¢ Disability can affect development because if children can’t use certain parts of their body for example they may not be able to use their legs they won’t be able use a climbing frame their physical development won’t be able to develop in the expected way. The nursery or school they attend may not have the equipment needed for the child to achieve their desire to use the climbing frame. †¢ Emotional difficulties can affect expected patterns of development because a child who is not settled into a nursery and does not have solid relationships with the adults in their life are more likely to have low self-esteem and are less likely to try new activities that would help their development. †¢ Environmental factors such as poverty and family could affect a child’s development because if they do not have much money some opportunities such as nursery will not be available. Family could also affect a child because single parents may not have the time and energy to engage and challenge their child to try new things that would help their development. Food may not be as nourishing and nutritious. †¢ Cultural reasons for example girls in many cultures are not given the same opportunities as boys this will limit their development because they are not expected to go to school. †¢ Social factors such as transport could result in development not following expected patterns because parents who don’t drive may have difficulties in getting their children to school regularly which could result in poor attendance so the child could miss out on key factors of their education. Home schooling could also affect children’s social development as they won’t have had many opportunities for social interaction with children their own age which could result in a social delay. †¢ Particular learning needs may affect development because a child having difficulties with reading and writing and they are not receiving the extra help they need is likely to fall behind in school work. †¢ Communication difficulties could result in development not happening in the expected way because children who have a hearing impairment can cause a delay as we learn to speak by listening this could lead on to a speech impairment which may result in children only expressing what they can and not what they really mean. Parents who don’t talk or read to their children will also affect the child’s development. 2. 1 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Family Environment- Family life has the most important impact on children‘s development due to the various family structures and stability each individual child has. Cramped Housing May share a room with several other children, this can lead to cramped spaces for children, not enough room to play, no personal space. Single parents where children may have lack of male/female role models which may cause social stigma. Parents divorcing/separating- This is very stressful on everyone involved, children can become emotionally withdrawn, suffer lack of confidence and can create lack of self-esteem. Working Parents- When parents have to work all week this will leave little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Step families- When children become part of a new step family it may cause friction, hatred and jealousy between the children from each family and children towards their new step parent. This could lead to the child/teenager to become socially and emotionally withdrawn. Health Problems – health problems can be a genetic problem or due to the poor living environment they grow up in. If a child is raised in poor quality housing this may lead to health problems e. g. damp can trigger asthma and other breathing problems, if a child is not getting a good variety of healthy food/nutrition this could lead to health problems. Children who suffer from health problems may miss out on a lot of their education, which could be departmental in the future learning. Learning difficulties – A child with learning difficulties will need extra support in certain areas of development and may develop a low self-esteem because they get annoyed with themselves for not being able to do something, such as a simple numeracy problem, or read a book. A child with language/communication difficulties may find it hard to socialise with other people/children. Disability A child in a wheelchair or with a serious physical impairment would find it hard to do many activities, particularly those that are physically demanding. Gross motor skills would be at a less developed rate than peers and fine motor skills may be affected if the child had little or no control over their limbs. Genetic A baby’s genes are determined at conception. If something is faulty at this stage, this can have a huge impact on the child’s development. This may be physical or intellectual. If a mother takes drugs, drinks alcohol or smokes when pregnant, there is an increased chance of delivering an underweight baby at birth. It can also lead to cognitive problems for the child as they get older . Visual impairment Children who have visual impairment usually have some vision; this can vary from each child. Some children may be able to see outlines of objects while others may only be able to tell the difference between light and dark. If a child has vision problems this nearly always initially delays their physical development. Their gross and fine motor skills would be affected because they would be unable to be as adventurous as children with good vision. Fine motor skills may not be in line with other children as the child would find it hard to do tasks that require precision such as threading beads or colouring. Hearing impairment Hearing is a very important part of learning language and being able to communicate effectively with others. Children will need to learn to speak and listen. Their language and cognitive development would almost certainly be affected, but their social development might be hindered as well. They may speak in a monotone voice and not respond when spoken to. People may start to treat them differently and this might make them feel isolated and secluded from daily experiences 2. 2 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors Education- Children deserve the best start in life in education as it will help them become very academic and achieve their full potential. If they are unable to access the resources they need for their education e. g. books, stationary and internet this will hinder their learning and they may not develop as well as those who have the opportunities. Poverty- Poverty effects children’s development in various ways; if they have a poor diet it may cause them to be unfit, lack of energy to be able to concentrate which will affect their progression of development. Children who come from low income families may have fewer opportunities to participate in out of school activities, and have limited access to equipment they may need for their education which will cause lack of motivation. Poor hygiene will lead to low self-esteem in a child as they become paranoid about their appearance and in some cases can lead to bullying. Foster Care- can cause long term effects on children due to lack of stability in their life. They have fewer opportunities to make positive relationships with others. They may be confused about why they are in foster care due to un answered questions. They are more venerable, as they have already had experience of the negative experience of being separated from family. Their self-esteem will be low which will make it harder for them to relate and socialise with others and to form attachments Personal choices- As children begin to develop they start to make personal choices for themselves, the choices they make can have a major effect on their development e. g. starting to smoke, using drugs, drinking, food choices, exercise choices. †¢ Family environment and background. In some homes education is not at the front of their things to do list. We can often see this where the parents/ carers are of a lower educational development. This could also show that there is no support at home as the parents do not understand the required educational elements needed to complete the work. †¢ Personal choices. If a child or young person as decided for what ever reason they do not want to be educated or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. †¢ Looked after/ care status. This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly. This will affect their education enormously. Separation and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. †¢ Education. If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play group in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. †¢ Boyfriends/girlfriends. This is more apparent in young people more than children, but starting and finishing a relationship can be a huge influence on learning. Distracted and even heartbroken pupils will not learn to the same degree as others who are not at that stage. 2. 3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Maslow- Believes everyone has fundamental needs that must be met in order for people to reach their full potential. The needs include warmth, food and shelter, love, security and self-esteem. His hierarchy needs has five stages which was expanded to include cognitive aesthetic needs. In our setting we ensure the children are well cared for, environment is clean and tidy, and temperature of nursery is at a comfortable level, we provide a healthy balanced diet. Children are allocated a key worker on entry in nursery key worker is responsible for ensuring each child’s needs are meet under the EYFP. Maslows theories of development include Humanist. Bandura – Created a theory that children learn by observing others, they do not need to be taught directly as they will imitate and observe what those around them are doing. This is a natural process and does not require the force of an adult. This learning is known as observational learning. In our setting we have a calm approach to all situations modelling good behaviour. We create an environment where observational learning can take place on a daily basis. Banduras theories including Social Learning. Skinner – Believes that children learn language through principles of conditioning and that they learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions and events. They also learn words by imitating other people. We support this in our setting by having a language rich environment, asking open ended questions, lots of interaction. Skinners theories including Operant Conditioning, Behaviourist and Attachment. Bowlby – Believes that attachment behaviours are instinctive and that early relationships and early experiences with care givers have a major role on development and behaviour and influence how children will react to social interactions with other people. Early attachment were children are secure to main carer will allow the child to have high self-esteem and will enjoy intimate relationships; they will start to have the ability to share their feeling and seek out others for support. We support this in my setting for new starters by introducing them gradually into the setting through visits which will start off with main carer staying with them and then progressing to the child having visits on their own to ensure they feel comfortable in their new environment. Lev Vygotsky- His theory is that children’s development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides. . He had three different ways cultural tools could be passed from one individual to another. Imitative learning where one person tries to imitate or copy another e. g. when a parent sings an action song and the child tries to copy, Instructed learning which involves remembering the instruction of an adult and then using these instructions, collaborative learning involves a group of peers who strive to understand each other and work together. He believes every new interaction is a learning experience to for children that they must be guided through until they know how to react properly. In our setting staff support this by supporting children who are having difficulty in managing certain tasks. We encourage turn taking and sharing, and provide plenty of opportunities for social interaction with adults and children. Piaget- Believes that children’s cognitive development moves through four different stages of mental development: Sensorimotor birth-2 years were a child recognises self as agent of actions and begins to act intentionally, preoperational 2-7years were they learn to use language and represent objects by images and words. , concrete operational 7-11 years were children can begin to think logically about objects and events and classify objects according to several features, Formal operational 11-adult hood were they can think logically about abstract propositions. He believed all children pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In our setting we encourage a more hands on approach and more relevant tasks for age/stage of development of child. We emphasise strongly on â€Å"child- Imitated† activities and observations to be able to plan for children’s needs. Freud- Believed that our personalities are made up with three parts; the â€Å"id†-is the instinctive part of our personality, the â€Å"ego†- is the planning part of our personality, and the â€Å"superego†- develops later in childhood it is known as the control part of our personality ,which are not all present at birth but will develop as the child develops. Freud theories of develop include Psychoanalytic. 3. 1 Analyse the importance of early identification of development delay Early identification and intervention is the best thing for a child’s long term benefits. Early intervention has a dual effect it helps children develop skills that are expected at their age but it also prevents the child from developing negative behaviours. Being able to identify signs of delay in a child’s development allows practitioner to make swift assessments and to involve outside agencies to make their own observations of the child. It is an important role for a practitioner to know and understand children’s learning and development in order for them to able to identify any early signs. 3. 2 Explain the potential risks of late recognition of development delay Late recognition of development, can lead to problems later on in life for young person understanding or a child being able to express their own feelings, leaving them feeling angry or frustrated and causing them to act out and maybe develop behaviour problems. It can also affect their confidence and self-esteem causing problems building relationships with peers and becoming. 3. 3 Evaluate how multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people Professionals from multi agency bring together all practitioners from different sectors that may need to be involved in working to support children, young people and families. Working with multi agency is a way of ensuring that children and young people who need additional support have exactly the right professionals supporting them. When a child needs additional support the SENCO of a setting will fill in a CAF form with relevant information and concerns about a child which will then be referred to relevant sector to enable team members to share information and support one another so the child’s needs are addressed efficiently and effectively. Regularly meetings are set to discuss the needs of the child or young people to plan for child’s development for example action plans. IEPs and to discuss child’s progress. The involvement of multi-agencies will vary as the needs of children and young people will be very different. What is important is that each person brings with them their own specialist skills, expertise and insight so that the child or young person gets the best support possible. Multi-agency working is a varied number l of services that have the collective aim to provide the best for children and their carers who are in need. The people involved to support a child’s needs could be a social worker, play specialist, early year’s practitioners, educational psychologists, health workers and any person with the ability to step in and help a child when their development is being hindered. Early years settings are more of an integrated working because they offer a cocktail of services within the setting, rather than external services which is multi-agency. England’s government framework, Every Child Matters, lists five outcomes that reinforce the importance of working together to achieve the best outcomes for children. The Early Years Framework also states that when professionals work together the results are better essentially, if all the people involved in a child’s life are aware of what that child needs, then development c

How a tourist chooses their destination: Research

How a tourist chooses their destination: Research TABLE OF CONTENT Content Page Objectives of Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Findings and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 OBJECTIVES Identify the term world tourist destinations Analyze how the characteristics of a destinations affect their appeal to tourist Identify the cultural, social and physical features of a tourist destination BACKGROUND The word tourist was used in, 1772 and tourism in, 1811. â€Å"William F.Theobald (1994) recommended that etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, tornare and the Greek, tornos, imply a lathe or circle; the travel around a central point. The suffix –ism is described as an process; typical behavior or quality, while the suffix, –ist specify one that performs a given action. A destination is a specific location in which travelers decide to go to; therefore, tourist destination is primarily a travel city that attracts a large amount of tourist. Travelers may visit these destinations to see historic sites, natural wonders, or buildings. Some traveler’s attractions also contain activities, such as rides or games, or unique novelty. Souvenirs are often sold at the destinations, and many of these regions rely on the income generated by the tourists that visit. Historical sites are frequently considered tourist destination. Normally, something of some sort of historical significance happened in these areas. Monuments or battlegrounds can be regard as historical tourist attractions. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, is a good example of historical tourist areas, â€Å"Known for battle sites during the American Civil War in 1863, and resident of President Abraham Lincolns.† â€Å"Areas with beautiful and unique natural creations can also be considered tourist destinations. Visitors to these areas are generally able to see amazing natural wonders, such as a waterfalls or canyons. Example of such is the Niagara Falls where millions of people each year visit; this destination is located on the border of the United States and Canada. This marvelous site is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.† METHODOLOGY Qualitative research will be used throughout this assessment. Qualitative research is all about exploring issues and understanding facts. In the primary data collection method, there will be questionnaire and interview questions The interview question were strutted benefits are, you would be better prepared to have follow up question when conducting the interview The secondary research elements that I utilized was of high assistant because the primary sources could not fulfill some of the requirements of the assignment, and these are internet, books, classroom notes and articles that help me to obtain legible information for completing the body of my research . LITERATURE REVIEW According Bhanumurth, (n.d) tourism is fast growing businesses in the world; it because the population have enlarged their free time and based on the cost of travel is not higher. Tourism boosts the employment and the revenue generation; tourism also contributes to the international trade among countries and supply beneficial foreign exchange. (Ramgulam, 2012). Therefore tourism is a quicker developing sector in the world, it because these days people have the ability spend the money go to travel see around the world. Ramgulam, (2012) cites as World Travel and Tourism council, (2009) also stated that tourism is fast growing business, so that it smooth the progress of the tourism development the WTO support countries diversify their economy. Destination is very vital in the tourism sector. Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) is playing a major role in the running destination network, and it also helps to raise the relationship between the cooperation and the destination actors. (Pechlaner, 2012). Moreover destination believes as a tourism product. A destination not creates by one action then can become a destination it needs other process just can build â€Å"a destination product such as the tourism attractions, tourism institutions, transportation, hospitality, food and beverage lastly is host community. Gather all the operation it can build a successful destination package. (Botti, 2009).† Tourist chooses one destination over another for the reason, such as cultural appeal, destination’s features and attractions, customer’s ability to access the area. In dealing with tourist destination there are many characteristic that affect the appeal of the area, such as infant mortality, life expectancy, level of poverty and migration from rural to urban. With dealing with tourism government and the industry has to deal with political instability which is describe as a condition of a country where as been toppled, also as a tourist you have to considered the type of leadership style that in the destination of visit, because one doesn’t want to be within a country that under a absolutist FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS LO1: Understand the scope of key UK and worldwide tourist destinations 1.1 According to UNWTO’s statistics France had attracted 83.0 million tourist in 2012 a 1.8% grow from 2011. France had invested a total sum of 37.2bn which is $64.2bn less than China and profited from a lump sum of $46.2bn. The main attraction in France are beaches, ski resorts, seaside resorts, villages, museums and galleries, amusement and theme parks, castles, palaces and historic sites. Paris being the capital and largest city holds most attractions. Unlike china, France is more of a multi cultural place celebrating and sharing traditions, cultures and religions from around the world. China has attracted 57.7 million visitors in 2012 which is an increase 3.4% from what they achieved in 2010. Reasons France generates 5th more tourists in the world is because of currency, Euro is very strong. People from France travel to other countries and exchange their currency, they could get much enough money to spend their vacation. Population, France is 21nd rank (65,027,000) in world’s population list. This could be a one of the reason why France generates more tourists also French can get visa’s to travel all over the countries and also passport is acceptable in more countries to travel by on arrival visa unlike China which is the opposite expect for their currency which is also very strong. 1.2 In 2012 there were 1.03bn international tourist arrivals worldwide, with a growth of 4.0% as compared to 995 million in 2011, according to UNWTO’s. France had 83.0 million tourists in 2012 and 81.6 million in 2011 comparing to china that had 57.7 million in 2012 and 57.6 million in 2011, clearly tourist had preferred France as on destination compare to China. The UNWTO is predicting tourism should increase in rate in nature and culture tourism as well as health and black tourism. A tourist doesn’t always want to experience beach lust, some tourist rather a mixture of culture, adventure and other features and attraction of the destination which would make France one of the top tourist arrivals because a variety in its destination. Recent studies from the World Trade Organization (WTO) says in 2020 China will become the largest tourist country and the second largest for overseas travel. Presently, china is ranked the third and is likely to be the fastest in travel spe nding. Thus china is expected to be the fastest growing in the World from 2006 to 2015. Thereafter china will jump into the number two place for total travel spending by 2015. While France holds of tourist view for taste, it has numerous great appeals to the area. As the years are to come, the travel and tourism industry is expected to stay a major part for job creation and growth in France. France as a tourist destination is facing many competition against many other destinations; such as Turkey, China and India. Tourism is predictable to face major challenges in the next few years, from globalization to environmental issues. To tackle these issues, the French government commenced a new plan, â€Å"Stratà ©gie Destination France 2010-2020†, designed at making tourism more competitive and environmentally-sustainable. LO2: Understand the culture, social and physical features of tourist destinations. 2.1 Tourist chooses one destination over another because of the destination itself, customers’ ability to access the area, cultural and social and physical appeal. For example France has a rich culture and has been shaped by geography profound historical events. France, and in particular Paris has played an important role as a centre of high culture since the 17th century in cinema, fashion, cuisine and language. Social appeal of France refers to respecting human rights and equal opportunities for all in society. It requires an equitable sharing of benefits, with a focus on alleviating poverty. There is an emphasis on local communities, maintaining and strengthening their life support systems, recognizing and respecting different cultures and avoiding any form of exploitation. France has display that it has many physical features of the country such as River Seine, River Loire, River Garonne and the Alps, Massif Central and Pyrenees which are mountain ranges. France also has t he highest mountain Mont Blanc, the Island of Corsica and the Ardennes forest. While China cultural features include Chinese architecture, dragon-boat racing, inventions and technology, shanghai and scared peak. Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades since the beginning of reform and opening. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and easing of restrictions on movement by Chinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China physical appeals of tourist also include forests, deserts, extensive mountain ranges, plateaus, sub-tropical forests and rugged high altitudes. In comparison of France and China, France has shown that its cultural, social and physical are of rich background and of such tourist gravitate to the destination much more. China has great features to the destination and because of such it lays at the third position worldwide. 2.2 France is about 80% the size of Texas. Near the Italian and Swiss borders is the highest point—Mont Blanc. It is the largest country in the Western Europe and the European Union, and the third-largest in Europe, with the population of 66million. Paris being the capital which is the nation largest city and main cultural centre has over 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO’s World Heritage List and features of high cultural interest such as beaches and seaside resorts and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquility. Some of the tourist destination site includes: Disneyland Paris theme park, Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, Palace of Versailles and Musee d’Orsay. With 475 airports and an effective railway system accessibility is not of an issue to France along with visa requirements. Even thought France is a top tourist destination, this country faces many issues like others countries, like: the legalizing of gay marriages, prostitution, immigration and poor suburbs. The major issue France faces is human trafficking, which was stated by refworld.org that twenty thousand people in France’s commercial sex trade and about 75% of which are tourist. In comparison to China that is located in East Asia and has a population of over 1.35 billion and covering approximately 9.6million sq kilometers, China is the world second largest country, which has a single-party state governed by the Communist Party with its seat of government in the capital of Beijing. China has become one of the world most visited country for both inbound and outbound tourist, which had generated 57.7million tourist in 2012 and place the country third on the top tourist destination sites. Some of China famous destination sites include: Yabulin Ski Resort, Hong Kong, Forbidden City and the Great Wall of China. Even thought China is third on the destination scale, to be at the top and stay there the destination has to deal with current issue affecting tourism such as travel requirement which is expensive, time consuming to some tourist, language and accessibility. LO3 Understand how the characteristics of destination affect their appeal to tourists 3.1 It is not easy to compare the appeals of France tourist with that of China because they have different yet similar characteristics. China is located in East Asia and has a population of 1.34billion and of 9,706,961 km ². China is one of the oldest socialist country and its ranked a hundred and sixteen place in the world terms of environmental sustainability. The climate varies greatly. The winters are cold and summers are hot, however although the winters are cold, they are dry unlike American and the summers are very rainy. The most popular tourist attractions are: Pudong Skyline, Mogao Caves (finest Buddhist art cave), Leshan Giant Buddha, Mount Huang, Li River Cruise, Terracotta Army which is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting armies of Qin Shi Huang the first Emperor of china, Victoria Harbour which is the deepest ports in the world that sunning views of skyscrapers of Hong Kong and Tsim Sha Tsui shoreline, Forbidden City, Potala Palace and the Great wall of China Comparing the physical features of France and China, we can say that both of tthem have beautiful and unique landscape and a great biodiversity; however China is popular for its great flora and fauna. France has amazing physical features but consideration of weather should always be in tourist plans. Culture is another important factor and although China has an original culture, France represents a special Chapter for humankind: Literature, theatre, music, architecture, museums and cuisine. It is very hard to produce the French culture in one paragraph hence my conclusion is that both destination have a lot to offer to tourist in terms of infrastructure, transportation, accommodation and attractions and will continue to do so once they have an sustainable tourism development plan. 3.2 Evaluating the characteristics of a tourist destination affect its appeal in various factor that have to be taken in consideration: The over commercialized resorts or destinations can lead to overcrowding and a high rise of buildings. In France this experience has been kept under control by the authorities, because the infrastructure has suffered a continuous development and the law enforcement has been trained very effective to cope with the large number of tourists, especially in the summer time. Sales promotion and advertising can have a negative impact on tourism, like the terrorist attacks on 9/11 2001 in USA and 7/7 2005 in UK. A positive impact can occur, for example the media coverage for the 2012 Olympics. Crime is one of the most important factors that influence the choice of any tourist. France is one of the safest countries in the world, however many tourists are targeted by pick-pockets in crowded areas like Oxford Street in London or resorts like Brighton and Bournemouth. * Product life cycle – the authorities in UK have strong involvement in tourism, providing many facilities and services for visitors, for example there are numerous tourist information centres, maps with current location can be found in most of the bus, train and underground stations, all police officers are trained to help tourists and there are many interactive digital maps located in the most visited places. For 2012 Olympics, London has suffered massive development works: widening North Circular, the development of East London area or improving the transport system. The situation of the economy can have a negative influence on tourism for a country like UK: the inflation, the exchange rate, the infras tructure costs will result in less investment in critical areas like health, social care or education. APPENDIX Fig 1.1 REFERENCE What Is a Tourist Destination? (with pictures). 2014. What is a Tourist Destination? (with pictures). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tourist-destination.htm. [Accessed 12 March 12, 2014]. Tourism – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Tourism- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism. [Accessed 12 March 12, 2014]. Niagara Falls Traditions l Lifestyle and Habits of Niagara Falls Residents – USA for Tourists. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.orangesmile.com/travelguide-niagara-falls/traditions-20088351.htm. [Accessed 12 March 12, 2014]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France#Tourism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings http://www.cnto.org/ www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/docs/appeal1.ppt‎ View shared post

Analysing The Philippine Political Party System Politics Essay

Analysing The Philippine Political Party System Politics Essay First, there is a need to know the difference between strongly institutionalized party systems from weak ones. For a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized, it must have two characteristics: (1) the stability in the policies and patterns of inter-party rivalry, and (2) the view of political actors on parties as legitimate and crucial parts of the democratic process. On the other hand, a weakly institutionalized party system has the following characteristics: (1) there is a high degree of instability in the policies and patterns of inter-party rivalry; (2) the birth and death rates of parties are high- there are a lot of new political parties entering the system and a lot of existing parties leaving the system; (3) high degree of electoral instability-the fate of the individual parties depend on the results of the election, and last; (4) the political actors view of parties as just spare at best and as a danger at worst (Allen Hicken). Analysis of the Philippine Party System For a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized, the inter-party rivalry must be stable and the political actors must view political parties as legitimate and important. However, in the Philippine setting, these two characteristics seem to be missing. Stability of Interparty Rivalry Electoral Volatility A good indicator of the stability of interparty rivalry of party systems is the gauge of electoral volatility. Electoral volatility determines the level to which there is variation in aggregate party vote shares from one election period to another. When there is a low volatility score, it affirms that the same political parties receive constant degrees of support from one election period to another, therefore, the pattern of inter-party rivalry is considered as stable. A high volatility score indicates that there is instability in the preferences of voters from one election period to another and/or there is elite-driven changes made to the party system, such as the termination of existing parties, the birth of new parties, party coalitions, party factions, etc (Mainwaring and Zoco 2007). In spite of all these, electoral volatility is not a perfect gauge of the stability of interparty rivalry because finding party vote shares is tremendously complicated where there are many party coal itions or factions, or where a candidates party affiliation is difficult to determine. The latter remains a problem in the Philippine party system because some candidates often claim to be affiliated with several parties. That fact alone tells that party labels in the Philippines are so fluid that it becomes hard to measure the volatility of electoral results (Ufen 2008). It is also significant to consider that electoral volatility does not allow one to distinguish among the sources of instability-whether they are indecisive voters or temporary parties (Hicken and Kuhonta). Another problem with the Philippines is that it lacks the updated information needed to measure electoral volatility. During the 2001, 2004 and 2007 elections, the information needed regarding party vote shares was not yet released and there was even a scandal involving accurate vote counting during the 2004 elections. However, even though updated information are missing, Allen Hicken was still able to measure el ectoral volatility of the Philippines using only the vote shares information available and supplemented those information with available data from party seat shares. The only available data was from the elections during 1992, 1995 and 1998 elections. Table 1 Electoral Volatility Period Number of Elections Volatility of 1st 2nd elections Volatility of Last election Average Volatility Philippines 1992-1998 3 46.4 28.2 37.3 (Source: Hicken and Kuhonta) Electoral volatility is measured by taking the sum of the net change in the percentage of votes achieved or lost by each party from one election to the next and then dividing it by two. A score of 100 indicates that the political parties winning votes are utterly different from the one election to the other. A score of 0 indicates that the same political parties achieved exactly the same percentage of votes from two different elections. The higher the volatility score, the less stable the pattern of inter-party rivalry and vice versa (Allen Hicken). Because the Philippines electoral volatility score are quite high, it is clear that the inter-party rivalry in the Philippine party system is still not stable, contributing to the party system being weakly institutionalized. Voters still do not have loyalty to parties and parties have not yet established a certain support base that would vote for them each and every election. The absence of loyalty and continued support by voters indicate that they still do not see certain political parties as groups that would promote their welfare so they seek and try to vote for other parties every election. The instability of inter-party rivalry in the Philippines makes the party system weaker and political parties less reliable in consolidating the democracy of the country. Birth and Death Rates of Parties The rate of the birth and death of parties in the party system of a country is another factor in determining whether a party is strongly or weakly institutionalized. If there is a high birth and death rate in the party system, it means that the inter-party rivalry is not stable and there are a lot of parties entering and leaving the system. In the post-Martial law period up to 2007, because of the conversion of the Philippine party system from a two party system into a multi-party system, the birth and death rates became high. Stabilization around parties was not present. A large number of political parties continue to enter and leave the system every election, and these rates contribute as well to the electoral volatility of the party system (Allen Hicken). Table 2 Party Birth and Death Rates During House Elections (Seats) Birth Rate Death Rate Number of Parties 1987 NA NA 8 1992 0.43 0.50 7 1995 0.13 0 8 1998 0.50 0.50 8 2001 0.33 0.25 9 2004 0.73 0.11 30 2007 0.33 0.40 27Birth Rate Death Rate # of Parties(Source: Allen Hicken) The shift of the nature of the party system from a two-party into a multi-party system seems to have given the chance for other parties to evolve and get involved in the system, however, it seems that this change only brought unsteadiness to the birth and death rate of parties in the Philippines. Because of the multi-party system, parties can enter and leave the party system freely, although looking at it in different point, it may seem good for the inter-party rivalry basing on the fact that not only a few number of parties can compete and gain seats in the government, it is still not considered good for the institutionalization of the party system for it makes the party competition unstable. The high rate of the death and birth of parties only makes the Philippine party system weaker. View of Political Actors on Parties The perception of political actors on political parties is one of the most important factors for a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized. If the major political actors doubt the legitimacy and importance of political parties, then it means that there is a lack of institutionalization. The Filipino people or the public are part of the government and they are also considered as political actors. Their views on political parties are very important in determining whether democracy in the Philippines is working well. Conversely, there seems to be a detachment on the principle of real democracy and on the truth of Filipino democracy. For instance, a great number of Filipino people surveyed (around 55 percent) were reported to have been discontented with the way democracy works in the Philippines (Hicken 2009b). This discontentment is strongly interconnected with the doubt of the Filipino people on the genuineness of Philippine political parties. This survey was just a mong the ordinary Filipino citizens, that is why there is also a need to analyze the view of the major political actors themselves on the existing Philippine political parties. Major political actors like the military seems to have been dissatisfied with government a lot of times as well, since military interventions and rumored plans of coups have been present in the country for a couple of times, especially during the 1986 and the 2000 elections (Allen Hicken). Electoral volatility, birth and death rate of parties and the perception on political parties show how weakly connected are the parties to the different social interests/groups in the country. Filipino voters do not have specific parties in which they are loyal to, they do not vote candidates coming just from one political party, they often times vote candidates from different political parties and it is not even consistent with their votes in the previous elections. An instance would be during the 1992, 1998 and 2010 presidential elections, the presidents and the vice-presidents voted were from two different political parties. It is also very hard to identify one political party from another based on their party platforms and ideologies, this difficulty in distinguishing one party from another makes the strings connecting Philippine parties and societal interests and social groups very frail. The number of voters who can genuinely identify with any political party is very small. In one SWS 2006 survey, it has been reported that two-thirds of the people surveyed said that no party truly endorsed their welfare (SWS 2006, Allen Hicken). Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, a professor, summed up the state of Philippine political parties: Far from being stable, programmatic organizations, the countrys main political parties are nebulous entities that can be set up, merged with others, split, resurrected, regurgitated, reconstituted, renamed, repackaged, recycled or flushed down the toilet anytime (Quimpo 2005). What Quimpo wants to point out is that there is no certainty among political parties in the Philippines. They tend to be unsteady and impermanent, every election, parties tend to change, either through factions, coalitions or merges-even members of the parties tend to leave their respective parties once they feel that their own interests are not being pursued. In summary, through the different measures (electoral volatility, birth death rates, perception) used, one can conclude that Philippine political parties and the Philippine party system display a low level of institutionalization, or even, a very weak and fragile institutionalization. The pattern of inter-party rivalry stays fluid and political actors including voters even doubt if political parties are legitimate and necessary for the countrys democracy (Hicken). Analysis of the Thai Party System Political parties and the party system in Thailand, just like those in the Philippines, are also weakly institutionalized. The two characteristics needed for a party system to be considered strongly institutionalized seem to be missing as well in Thailands party system. Stability of Interparty Rivalry Electoral Volatility Having a weakly institutionalized party system, the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is one of the highest in Asia (Kuhonta 2009). However, it is still notable that the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is lesser than that of the Philippine party system (Average volatility of Philippine party system is 37.3, see Table 1 for more details). This means that the interparty rivalry in the Thai party system is more stable compared to that of the Philippines. However, the difference is not that big and, because of the lack of Philippine data, the period measured in the Philippines is only until 1998 while the period measured in Thailand is until 2005. Period Number of Elections Volatility of 1st 2nd elections Volatility of Last election Average Volatility Thailand 1992-2005 6 38.1 28.0 35.0 With the given electoral volatility, it is clear that just like the Filipino voters, Thai voters also lack the loyalty to parties. The numbers stated indicate that Thai voters do not have enough allegiance to a certain party that they tend to vote different parties every election. The commitment of the followers is unsteady and the parties havent established a well grounded support even with the support bases that they claim to have. Birth and Death Rates of Parties The history of Thailand will provide evidence that the parties in the Thai party system come and go like that in the Philippines. The birth and death rate of parties is also high, making the pattern of inter-party rivalry, all the more unstable. Parties in Thailand are especially susceptible to the influence and power of party factions. Party factions are also present in the Philippine party system, but not as much like in the Thai party system. The Thai party system has more factions, while the Philippine party system has a lot of varieties of identical parties being founded, identical meaning having the same ideologies and platforms. These party factions in Thailand, however, do not bring any excellence to the party system but it even makes the birth and death rates of parties become unsteady each and every election period. The factions made by parties themselves do not have sufficient interest to make the party system and the government work well, these factions merely see parties as just roads to their own drives and tours for self interests and political power. As an effect, parties in Thailand tend to just come and go every election (Kuhonta 2009). Although it is right to say that there are exceptions, like the Democrat Party which remains as the longest standing party in Thailand, we still cannot presuppose that the constancy of the lives of just a few parties make the inter-party rivalry more stable. The government of Thailand has done things to make up for the unstable inter-party rivalry of Thai politics parties. Constitutional amendments have been enacted, one of which is included in the 1997 Thai Constitution, it is considered as one of the strongest ways to minimize if not eliminate the practices of party switching. According to the 1997 Constitution, MPs who left their parties within 90 days of registration for a new election would not be able to run in that upcoming election. (Kuhonta 2009). The 1997 constitution seems to have strengthened the pa rty system minimizing the amount of party hopping and switching. However, the amendment only has a limited effect and what needs to be done is to let democracy and the party system take their course in strengthening the government (Kuhonta 2009). View of Political Actors on Parties Electoral volatility can already indicate how loyal Thai voters are to their supported parties, however, the calculated electoral volatility of Thai political parties would already state that parties do not have constant support bases and that those voters do not have constancy when it comes to their votes. Like political actors in the Philippines, it is also evident that political actors in Thailand do not have the best perception on their political parties. The mere fact that voters switch their support from one party to another, every election, means that the parties have not yet cultivated their own mass support bases. The absence of loyalty to particular parties leads to a conclusion that Thai voters are dissatisfied with their political parties. Moreover, the lack of ideology and programmatic platforms and goals also makes it harder for parties to maintain their own support bases. The divided constituency returns supply adequate proofs that parties in Thailand lack their social bases, since this implies that voters do not have loyalty to a certain party. From the year 1986 to the year 1996, it has been recorded that more than 50 percent of constituencies had divided votes. This is with the exception of the two dominant parties that time, which are the Democrat Party and the Thai Rak Thai. Parties do not have connections with social groups like labor unions, womens groups, ethnic communities or other groups who make up most of the voting population. This shallow nature of party roots in society mirrors only the superficial aspect of party organizations (Kuhonta 2009). This is one of the problems of Thai political parties-they do not represent social interests which lead social groups to not extend votes and support to any particular party. Political actors themselves do not think of parties as representatives of their interests and as supporters of their welfare, that is why their perception of parties is not good most of the time. Like in the Philippines, one major political actor that could be considered as an excellent aspect contributing to the view of political actors on parties is the military. The weak connection of the political parties to social groups made them vulnerable to military counteraction. Military often times involved themselves in politics and when they oppose the governance or the reign of one political party, they would counterattack the government through coups. The military is very influential and often times, when they are dissatisfied with the system, they resort to using their power to overthrow a regime. However, Thailand has gone through more coups than the Philippines. Thailand has experienced 18 coups since the concept of party politics began in the year 1932 (Kuhonta 2009).