Religion in the Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religion in the Education System - Essay Example beforehand one passel establish whether or not godliness is a beneficial or a corrosive element in primary and secondary education, one must first define both(prenominal) what righteousness and education consist of. One can define religion as a stiff of beliefs and practices, or as a more holistic response to the events of ones life. One can define education as the inculcation of information from the outgoics set by the National Curriculum, or as a more general preparation for the rigors of adult life.Because this paper addresses religion in general, as hostile to one particular faith, such as Anglicanism or Islam, religion will be viewed as the human being response to the events of life. Based on what happens in life, one may choose to follow the Judeo-Christian God, or Allah, or Buddha, or to follow no particular deity at all. Education will be viewed in a more holistic sense as well the role that give instructions play in taking Britains children and molding them into adults. It will be deduct clear, after a review of relevant literature, that in that respect is not one mixture of religion in education that works for every student. The multiplicity of educational choices has arisen from a multiplicity of personalities, collective life experiences, and individual responses.The Muslim educational experience in colossal Britain is particularly demonstrative of this need for variety in educational choices. In the first half of 2005, the imaum Muhammad Zakariya School for Girls in Dundee authentic its second consecutive poor report on academics (Saeed, 2005). While Ibrahim Hewitt (2005) makes a strong case that the British government should establish and support trails run according to the Muslim philosophy of education, and that only a complete Islamic education as delivered in a well-resourced Muslim school will give Muslim students the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental, and physical development of pupils (Education Reform Act 1988) required by law, the results of the Zakariya school are troubling.However, Osama Saeed, of the Muslim Association of Britain, points to the results of Feversham College in Bradford, a Muslim school that finished at the top of the Value Added ranks in the same period that the Zakariya school finished so poorly (Saeed, 2005). He argues that a Muslim education will help to combat the lack of values currently within the non-denominational vault of heaven and that even non-Muslim parents would want their children to have the opportunity to attend Muslim schools to avoid the corrosive effects of this selfish, consumer-driven populace (2005).Hewitt is similarly frustrated with an education system which, in his view, largely regards religion as a plague best ignored (2005). While there are some who would argue that such a parochial approach to education would intellectually shortchange students, Hewitt responds with the example of the Ennerdale and Kinniside Primary School, which is a parochial Church of England school, except which received a gold star from the educational inspectors (2005). Hewitt argues further that a parochial education more virtually mirrors real life - at home, he says, children celebrate only one winter holiday - but at school, they often observe all three of the major celebrations. Hewitt also points out that the removal of religion from the classroom, is not a neutral position, but is just another choice (2005). For those who would argue that the removal of religion from the classroom would create a neutral environment, this is an important corrective - agnosticism or atheism is a religious choice.The Muslim and Anglican schools are not the only parochial environments that have produced successful students. A report in June 2005 showed that standards of academic achievement at Stage 4 in Catholic schools travel by national norms, and that Catholic schools are particularly effective at helping socia lly disadvantaged students who come in from the

Hotel Paris Training Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hotel Paris cooking Program - Case Study ExampleIt is clear from the discussion that the chief financial officer team should come up with an integrated information technology facts of life system that offers a comprehensive interactive platform to employees at different departments within the organization. As such, it would provide an important potentiality and diversity for e very employee to offer avail at every department whenever there is a need (253). Since the recruitment of employees is not a sanction to a direct performance, it is vital for Lisa and Hotel Paris training department to design an appropriate training program. such a program will enable new recruits to understand the organization in a broader virtuoso right from the history to mission and visions of the future. Moreover, the organization should align the training strategies towards achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, it will be very easy to distinguish employees behavior right from the time a person joins the institution and observe the worth for the progressiveness of an organizational achievement (224). From the study, it can be resolved that Lisa and the CFO did not ship out proper investigation ascertaining why there existed a fall in Hotel Paris prepare program. For instance, Hotel training department only spends a fraction of training duration as compared to the other companies. The CFO simply went ahead and recommended for the development of a separate training program that lacked a consultative orgasm towards achieving the competitive advantage of Hotel Paris. The organizational training advisory team should have considered conducting a different training need analysis to identify what employees need to fill up job vacancies.

Persuasion and Public Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Persuasion and Public Opinion - subsidization ExampleHowever, this time the basic argument revolved around the Obama Care. In order to further image the real reasons for the stop it is important to first analyze the Care bite of President Obama which is primarily creditworthy to ensure inexpensive health care throughout the nation. As the name indicates the Obama Care is solely based upon providing tender health opportunities to the American people. It was initiated in 2010 whereas people are required to get their registrations until 2014 (Repeal ObamaCare or Defund ObamaCare?, 2013). Thereafter they would be able to gain extra health benefits including all the preventive services. Additionally it will give the health insurance by simply regulating the existing laws and increasing the rights of the insurers. Obama Care became the main cause of shutdown in October 2013 because the Re normalans were aiming to defund it. In fact they insist that the new budget must disrupt the fu nding for the affordable care act of Obama while in contrast to this the Democrats persist over their position and refuse to call for the bill (Cowan, 2013). Reaction of Republicans and Democrats Although the healthcare law isnt directly associated with the budget of US government or the financial plans but it has been apply as a persuasive technique by the Republicans. For instance, they argued that the Presidents domestic policy is breathing out to severely harm the country and its economic position. This was further related with the practically deeper ideas of the Affordable Care Act and the Patient Protection which actually requires the American people to go for a health insurance. Consequently, the employers... This essay stresses that on October 1, 2013, America stimulated a fractional shutdown of the government. This primarily happened because the opinion political party was unable to accept the idea of reducing the federal spending. Consequently, the national government had to submit to a shutdown which touch thousands of government officials whereas most of the important government services were delayed.This discussion explores that the healthcare law isnt directly associated with the budget of US government or the financial plans but it has been used as a persuasive technique by the Republicans. For instance, they argued that the Presidents domestic policy is going to severely harm the country and its economic position. This was further related with the much deeper ideas of the Affordable Care Act and the Patient Protection which actually requires the American people to go for a health insurance. Consequently, the employers would be affected and the finances would go beyond the limits of federal government. In addition to this, the Republicans also tried to gain the weightage of public opinion by stating that the burden on employers in form of medical taxes would eventually increase the chances of marine jobs. Republicans basically tried to p ersuade the employers so as to gain their consent and support in the good case. They did so because the medical taxes and insurances are largely supposed to increase the expenses of employers.

Beauty and the Beast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

cup of tea and the Beast - Essay ExampleThe cues atomic number 18 hidden in plain sight in childhood movies and cartoons by Disney, as safe and American as apple pie. When I watched the bathing scene before, I never noticed the many clues to what I am expected to believe, what I am expected to perform in heteronormative society. When I paused the film to hear c arfully, I was flabbergasted by what I found As the scene opens, the big, ugly, hairy beast is winning a bath (Jazzbo). He is opulent, in color, and his neck hair culminates in a frontal mane, bid a lion, He is over-sized, sitting in a golden, claw foot bathtub with graceful scrollwork designs, and princely blue ceramic interior. Nearby is a golden hamper and on the wall is a golden mirror. These are obvious signs of wealth. In a heteronormative culture, wealth is something that particularly makes a antheral marriage aspect desirable, in that his role is to protect his woman and give his children a good life. When we look through the tail (transparent b overleap curtains) that separates the surface from more intimate access, we find gentleness (pink walls, pink floor, insecurity and an endearing lack of sophistication). We also find that instead of being consumed by the off-putting, objectifying lust we might expect, he claims that he cares for Beauty but is afraid to confess his love. This sweet esthesia is something valued in a male, in heteronormative culture, scarcely so long as male strength, fierceness and lion-like pride are firmly in place. Indeed, if sensitivity is present without the other qualities, the unfortunate fellow is labeled a sissy, a fag, a queen. It is imperative that, any(prenominal) gender identity is enacted in private, the heteronormative one is especially performed in public. The Beast, however, is able to socially construct his heteronormative male role performance sufficiently to counterbalance his more feminine and queer performance. In fact, there is a golden mi rror on the wall and, counter-intuitively, it reflects nothing, suggesting the strong silent hero of heteronormative culture. The beast harbors an undiscovered depth. Discovering and nurturing his undetected depth will be the duty of Beauty, once she accepts his confession of love and proposal of marriage. The servants can bath him, advise him, snip and curl his hair, and structure his days with a schedule, but they cannot co-constuct his gender identity as effectively as a woman can, as they perform together the dance of heteronormative cultural mythology. The pee is sporting foam. His eyes are rolled back in apparent ecstasy. There is foamy white water spilling from the tub, onto the floor, from the vicinity of his reproductive organs. An octopus servant is bathing him, and bubbles float down from the brushes. A ikon bubble also drifts downward. We are thus reassured about his sexual vigor and potent fertility. The bubbles are a symbol of her bullock blocks, her fertility, wh ich his gender construction scripts him to long for. Two of the egg-like bubbles are joined, as though the egg is splitting to become a baby. A baby is absolutely necessary to the heteronormative recipe for happily-ever-after. Where there is no baby, there will be whispers of speculation, eventually, calling into question his potency, his heteronormative manhood, and her heteronormative womanhood. All of this imagery is carefully constructed to define an milieu aimed at socializing us, and particularly young children, into

Comparative methodological critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative methodological critique - Essay Exampleapply the principles of scientific research and exclude proceeding to any initiative that will affect the studys credibility, for instance the failure in appropriately citing the texts quoted from another study, the failure to inform the participants on the studys scopes and its ethics a accompaniment that can lead even to the rejection of a particular study. This paper explores the various aspects of cardinal studies that are establish on different research methods a qualitative and a quantitative one. As a exemplar of quantitative research, the study of Krishnan et al. (2005) under the title A few good women on top heed teams has been chosen the context of the qualitative research has been also examined through the study of Liff et al. (2001) under the title depraved views through the glass ceiling the construction of womens understandings of promotion and senior management positions it is proved that the two studies disco mbobulate been developed in the context of scientific research and therefore theyve managed to meet their scope disdain the delays caused because of failures in different phases of research in the context described below.Krishnan et al. (2005) have tried to examine the probable influence of gender diversity on organizational performance a series of additional issues have been examined in the context of the study, like the level of gender diversity in modern organization, the environmental characteristics (which in this case refer to the demographic characteristics of the participants) and the role of women managers in changing the internal organizational environment. The reasons that Krishnan et al. (2005) chose the specific heart-to-heart is the fact that gender has been proved in the literature to influence the performance of employees as a gist of the organization the aspects of this problem need to be highlighted despite the development of social and cultural values world( a) there are still factors, like the gender, that

Market Entrance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market enthral - Assignment ExampleThere is no tax and this leaves a lot of r neverthelessue for the business houses. era this is a positive move by the governments, there is plenty of stakes for the natives. In order to generate income for their own people, the government of Qatar has remained realistic to the happenings. Like most Arab nations, the Government of Qatar too encourages foreign investment, particularly in joint ventures with Qatari partners. Wholly foreign-owned firms are permitted to operate in Qatar, provided they have a local element or a sponsor. Foreign-owned firms and the foreign-owned portions of joint ventures are subject to corporate income tax, ranging from 5 portion to 35 percent of net profits. Qatari and GCC nationals and business concerns are exempted from the income tax provisions.Qatar is part of OPEC nations in the Middle East. The nation is main office to millions of expatriates who come from as far as Indonesia in search of work. The Asian comm unity presence is transparent with Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Pilipino, and Sri Lankans making up the majority. The 80s and 90s saw an influx of migrants because of the growth of industries here. Many multinationals, especially British and American crude companies set up huge infrastructures which required both skilled and unskilled labour to run them. With the influx of people, other industries began to move in. Today, Qatar is a thriving economy and must thank the millions of migrant workers here for this. multinational companies that seek to establish business here can do so with the participation of local Qatari partners. This ensures that a part of the gains from business remain within the country, and both the government and the local partners benefit. In such(prenominal) a scenario, would the entry of IKEA, result in a success for the company, and if so, how would the marketing planners define their strategy3.0 IKEAIKEA, the leading in economical and fashionable f urnishing company that styles on European flavour, began its long journey since its inception. IKEA works with the model of offering a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low, that even the most lower strata of society would be able to take home a product of internationalistic quality. IKEA believes in quality and affordability, a hall mark of true marketing genius. Rather than selling high-priced home furnishings focused on the elite of society, the company makes it possible to serve the many by providing low-priced products that contribute to help oneselfing more people live a better life. Franchise opportunities are acquirable in unrepresented areas and IKEA believes in equal opportunity for all its associates. IKEA works with the idea of understanding and servicing areas with the help of their local associates. This is a key to their success as well. Once the local taste and demand is identified, it becomes flaccid to attract busi ness. This way, the company manages to save on R&D and spend more time in innovation. Franchisee is an

Political philosophies of Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Research Paper

Political philosophies of Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and equalitarianism - Research Paper ExampleNevertheless, there are varying ethical perspectives on the roles of the government in provisions to citizens and the citizens own individual rights. Some of these ethical perspectives are Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Egalitarianism. Utilitarian perspective The fundamental teaching of utilitarian is that people should make the society as well as they can this can be done by making peoples lives worthwhile. A utilitarian believes that government resources should be allocated in such a way that they will have the greatest impact to most people. Stuart Mills argued that expert distribution of resources provides the maximum good to most people. Mills held that people should non just think somewhat the utility of isolated acts but the convention of conduct, which if adopted and adhered to would capitalize on utility (Irudayam 5). According to the teaching of utility, we alway s ought to do whatever will maximize on the total amount of happiness. For a utilitarian, a just distribution of wealth is the one that maximizes on the total amount of happiness. ... s that such in truth unequal distribution of wealth would not maximize contentment and would not, on utilitarian grounds, be virtuously optimal or just (Irudayam 7). Utilitarianism would advocate for progressive taxing based on the principle of change magnitude marginal utility designed at maximizing happiness. Utilitarians believe in taxing the wealthy and with child(p) subsidies to the underprivileged to lessen the level of income disparity and increase total happiness. However, this can only work up to a take. If the tax is excessively repulsive, it will dent incentives to work, hence, production of fewer possessions as a result, prune the overall happiness. Therefore, from the utilitarian perspective, the superlative solution is the one that maximizes on overall happiness and this maximal point will be achieved when the tax rates are precisely put at the point where excess gain from the redistribution would be offset by bigger losses resulting from undermining of incentive (Irudayam 9). Libertarian response The core assumption of libertarianism is that persons have strong moral claim to the serene enjoyment of their own persons, as well as an accomplishment of their voluntary agreement with others. Christian Libertarians insist that the government should not be concerned with the task of redistributing any possessions. They argue that every resource distribution should be communitarian in nature, voluntary and non state sponsored. Libertarians critically object state compelled wealth redistribution since they argue that property rights are so vigorous that they do not give way to the attention that motivate demand for redistribution (Benkler 38). To some libertarians, property rights seem to comprise the integral personification of some individuals rights and are the o nly

Livecos Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Livecos Case Study - Essay ExampleThe strategy by madam Isolda has led to several(prenominal) effects that are felt by departments, human resource and information management. The strategy was deemed a executable budge in the government activity but led to a completely different scenario. There were complaints from the departments that they were not considered in the merge and their views were not sought. It has been a blame game with the human resource complaining to the highest degree the information management being so critical and the latter complaining of the former being so much. Both departments complained that they never valued the work or even dint know the work of the other. The aim of confluence these two departments was part of the strategic management responsibility of ensuring greater efficiency and effectiveness of the geological formation. On the contrary, the organizations employees became less productive even than before. The employees lost their focus since th e transition from a deadline meeting group diversenessd to a normal days routine of getting to work at 8.30 and out at 5.30.Liveco has experience a huge loss of workforce, which has led to employees terminating their employment contracts. The primary reason for the termination given by most of the employees was the unfavorable working conditions at Liveco. These problems have led to the fall in the Liveco organization and a layered strategy as suggested by Madam Isolda should be used to improve the current situation. rightfully yours, (Insert Name) Table of contents Executive summary 5 origin 5 Literature review 6 Methodology 8 Results and findings. 10 Analysis 10 Evaluation. 12 Conclusion and Recommendation...13 References 14 1. Executive summary Merging two departments in Liveco Company with the aim of improving the working environs of the employees and the undertakings of the firm was met by a negative attitude, which led to the fall in profitability. Employees did not feel a sense of belonging, satisfaction, and motivation and ended up terminating their employment at Liveco. This report analyses the cause of the effects of the change effected by Isolda, human resource manager, and what she could have done to impose the change in the organization to be met with a positive attitude. This report analyses the different methodologies used to make changes in an organization, both diagnostic where analytical model is used and a control model, and captures where Madam Isolda went wrong. A conclusion on the change at Liveco is made and possible future solutions given in the recommendation to avoid such problems. 2. Introduction Organizations change is mostly inevitable and is used to ensure that the organization has a longer life and makes future progress. If it is anticipated, then individuals in the organization can prepare to manage it and still find satisfaction in their work (Armstrong, 2006). On the contrary, if the change is abrupt, accommodating the change might be a task for everyone in the organization and might lead to its failure. A change is a strategy brought in by the human race Resource managers. They should help the other managers and employees cope with the change of dynamics in the organization. If not accepted in the right way, the change can mean the adoption of that strategy has failed,

Analysis of A Phenomenological Investigation of Good Supervision Essay

Analysis of A Phenomenological Investigation of Good Supervision - Essay ExampleThrough a phenomenological interview, the researchers were able to garner considerable results for the process of completion. According to the study of Worthen and McNeil, phenomenological inquiry is very similar to the interviewing techniques key to the training of counseling psychologists (p 120). As a result, the researchers of the study were able to find the most convenient germ of understanding that lead to their formulation of the elements forming a good supervision flusht based on the poised informations gained from the interview procedures handled by the researchers. (p.134)Likely, the problem of supervising issues among psychologists who practice the process of observing and understanding the situations of their clients is the main charge of this particular study. Upon interviewing the eight trainees who were observed to have been involved in examining the supervising procedures handled by t heir superiors upon clients that they needed to cumulus with at the time, it could be observed that inquiry into the experience of supervision events is a natural methodological source of researchers precious training experiences (p. 120). Making important implications as to how their superiors handled the situation taught then various values that specify good supervision practices. Through the interpretation of Worthen and McNeil with regards the gained results from the said process adapted for the proving of the ideas suggested by the study that they are aiming to portray for better application in the survey of psychological procedures.Several experts in their own field to be able to solve certain issues do researches and also to create possibilities in discovering or even inventing new things based from possibilities and probabilities of the things that exist in the society. Most likely, research as the word defines itself

Human Anatomy and Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Essay ExampleThe hip vocalise is a good example of a ball and socket joint. A ball and socket joint is so-called because of its general personal makeup, which consists of a bony pocket and a ball-like appendage on the connecting bone that fits within this pocket. This type of joint provides a wide range of motion in several directions as well as the faculty to carry a great deal of strength. In addition to the hip joint, the shoulder joint is other example of a ball and socket joint.The bones of this joint consist of the ilium, the femur and the ischium. The ilium contains four spines suffice as sites for muscle and ligamentous attachments while two large processes - an upper, lateral greater trochanter and a lower, medial lesser trochanter. provide attachments for muscles of the legs and buttocks (Human Anatomy Online, 2004). The important ligaments involved in this joint include the pubofemoral ligament, the iliofemoral ligament, the ligaments o f the sacrum and the ischiofemoral ligament.The major(ip)(ip) muscles involved in this joint include the iliopsoas muscles, the gluteous muscles, the piriformis and gemellus muscles, the sartorius muscle, the pectineus muscle, the quadriceps femoris muscles, the gracilis muscle, the adductor muscles and the hamstring muscles. The iliopsoas is genuinely two muscles that blend (Human Anatomy Online, 2004). The psoas major originates at the sides of T12 to L5 vertebrae and intervertebral discs between them and its insertion at the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliacus originates at the iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and the anterior sacroiliac ligaments while insertions are at the tendon of psoas major and the body of the femur, inferior to the lesser trochanter (Muscles of the Hip and Thigh, 1998). These muscles are the strongest flexor muscles of the thigh and work to wield erect posture at the joints as well as to raise the trunk from a two-dimensional (lying

The relationship between per capita gross domestic product and both Assignment

The relationship betwixt per capita gross domestic help product and both secondary school enrolment rate and bank evaluate - Assignment ExampleThe paper tells that gross domestic product is the measure of a countrys wide-cut productivity level. It refers to the total cost of output in commodities. Elements of gross domestic product allow in consumption, investment, government purchase, and net trade. Both consumption and net export of an economy are factors of the territorial dominions avail subject frugal resources and its level of disposable income. With high levels of disposable income, people are able to purchase into consumptions as swell as invest into export dealings. Investments, on the other hand, refer to financial value of resources that are utilise for production processes. Whether through private or public sector, investment evaluate and levels depend on the handiness of resources and the capacity to acquire such resources through savings or borrowings. Th e hold water component of gross domestic product is government expenditure through central government, local governments, and governmental institutions in public utilities such as education. Per capita gross domestic product measures the net output per person. It so depends on a countrys population size and may have a contrary trend from the true gross domestic product. One of the fundamental contributors to economic growth is the availability of resources for blastoff into the economy. Since financial institutions are a source of monetary resource through provision of loans, they are of salad days impressiveness to economic growth. Provision of loans to investors and private consumers for instance has direct effects on consumption, investments, and net export... It refers to the total cost of output in commodities. Elements of gross domestic product include consumption, investment, government purchase, and net export (Mankiw, 2008, p. 496). Both consumption and net export of an economy are factors of the territorys available economic resources and its level of disposable income. With high levels of disposable income, people are able to purchase into consumptions as well as invest into export dealings. Investments, on the other hand, refer to monetary value of resources that are used for production processes. Whether through private or public sector, investment rates and levels depend on the availability of resources and the capacity to acquire such resources through savings or borrowings. The last component of gross domestic product is government expenditure through central government, local governments, and governmental institutions in public utilities such as education (Mankiw, 2011, p. 198). Per capita gross domestic product measures the net output per person. It therefore depends on a countrys population size and may have a different trend from the real gross domestic product (Boyes and Melvin, 2007, p. 389, 390). One of the fundamental contributor s to economic growth is the availability of resources for injection into the economy. Since financial institutions are a source of monetary resource through provision of loans, they are of prime importance to economic growth. Provision of loans to investors and private consumers for instance has direct effects on consumption, investments, and net export (Brooks, 2008, p. 502 Yartey et al, 2008, p. 22). source rates of banks, which is a factor to their lending capacity determines availability of loans to investors and consumers. Similarly, lower

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Assignment

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Quality - concession ExampleThe different crop management practices involved in conventional kitchen-gardening that include premix of soil by tillage frequently and then leaving the soil exposed during significant periods of clipping lead to rising oxidation of organic point and also reduces the levels of organic matter significantly thereby increasing the risks of soil erosion (Glinski, Horabik & Lipiec, 2011, p.527). It was during the 1990s that the crop management practices involved in conventional earth were questioned owing to the heavy use of chemicals. These chemicals had the potential ability to cause environmental degradation (Hunter, 2004, p.45). Studies have revealed that the woodland of the soil under such farming practices have been poor thereby increasing the costs of the products as well as health. Considering these effects the long term sustainability of the conventional farming has been questione d against the alternative practices being available. confirmatory costs including the offsite damage from erosion of soil, pollution in the surface and ground water, hazards to health of both human and animal, and damage to wildlife from conventional farming practices are at the moment tolerated by the humanity (Reganold, n.d.).Conventional farming has proved to have certain negative effects of the quality of the soil. Owing to the exposed nature of the soil, the productiveness of the soil tends to get reduced due to wind and water erosion, compaction of soil, soil organic matter getting lost, accompanied by losses in water holding capacity and biological activity.

Evaluate WHS management systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluate WHS perplexity systems - Assignment ExampleThat agency that employees should be safe from accident and injury. A Work wellness and golosh heed System addresses oeuvre out health and gumshoe within an organization and manage its implementation. Australia as other countries measures its murder of health and guard duty using compensation claims and developing its health and safety strategy. However, much of legitimate claims are never make because employees do not know about their rights or whether their injury and illness are work-related, besides, workers are hangdog to make a claim at all. In such a case, health and safety performance data enables organizations and the entire countries to track dangerous influence of certain occupations and industries on health and safety of their population and make improvement if needed.There is evidence that speaks on the effectiveness of Workplace Health and Safety Management Systems to be dependent upon the level of their imp lementation, where a more integrated approach is aimed to make the regulation and topical anesthetic co-operation work more efficient for improvement of work environment (Bohle & Quinlan, 2000). In this case, the success of a WHS management system requires high commitment from all levels and functions within a certain organization. Thus, Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No. 10 (2015) provides a balanced and nationally constant framework that secures health and safety of employees and their working places. Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (2015) gives practical guidance about the requirements of the Workplace Health and Safety. Besides, Safe Work Australia agency was also created to coordinate and develop national policy and strategies to provide safer work conditions (Archer, Borthwick, Travers and Ruschena, 2014).Australian Hardware organization, committed to the quality provision of hardware, homewares, garden and building supplies across Australia is among the

Why Boston University is a good fit for you and what specifically has Essay - 1

Why capital of Massachusetts University is a good fit for you and what specifically has direct you to apply for admission - Essay Examplee understand and create a solution to their problems, I was able to prove to myself that with ample knowledge about the mankind brain and its effects on merciful behaviour would allow me to help more people in the future. Taking up a lives degree with a major in Psychology is exactly what I think suits me best. As of the moment, I have not thought about the area in which I would like to specialize, though I am hoping that the university would guide me through which road I should take eventually.My fascination about the serviceman brain is too profound for me to put it to waste. It would be an honor for me to share that passion with one of the most(prenominal) prestigious universities in the country, Boston University. With the universitys excellent programs, I am confident that they will domiciliate me with exceptional learning experience tha t would further nourish the desire within me to understand the complexity of the human mind. Being a pioneer in the research programs among the various educational institutions in the country (Boston), its members of the faculty are equipped with adequate wisdom and knowledge of the areas I hope to gain as much learning as possible. I believe I deserve to be educated in this institution because I share the same passion that they have particularly in recognizing the need to find peoples behaviour as dictated by their

Quality Assurance Manual Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Assurance Manual - Assignment exerciseThis means that a comestible care plan should be completed as soon as the patient is admitted be continuously monitored to ensure proper implementation in spite of appearance 14 days of rise to power review its alignment in relation to institution-wide care plan and review the plan based on changes in the needs of the person in care. In order to achieve the best practices in nutrition care plan, reviews should include the quality of the following mandated activitiesAudit is done with 10% of the charts in the facilitys medical department. Using each persons nutrition plan, review the developed plan within 2 weeks after entrance nutrition care revised based on the persons requirements nutrition care monitoring to guarantee implementation and the endorsement of the nutrition care plan by a registered dietician amongst others (Davison & Dominik, 2009). Additionally, audit should review system of weights monitoring of each selected person . With the nutrition plan and weight data of a selected person, the distinguish is provided and determined whether or not the least acceptable audit score is met. Records are kept for any identified problem and its possible causes, the remedial measures to take, and the re-audit date.The policy for menu readying is to ensure that all menus are designed to offer appetizing, meals and beverages that are nutritionally reasonable and cost sound meals for the persons in care. In order to comply with the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care legislation, menu training should be accomplished using the best possible practices and principle(Canada, 2014). The best practices include a registered dietician approval all menus a consultation process is used to develop and improve menus a menu rhythm method is used to ensure that there is monthly reviewing for variety all menus bring enjoyment and enhance heart through liberalization use of tools and processes to determine nutritional conten t in food and specification of fragment sizes in each menu cycle

World War II Essay Example for Free

World War II establishRichard Wheeler, an author of Iwo a book about the battle of Iwo Jima during the World War II is, undoubtedly, familiar with the subject. He is a war veteran, who joined the maritime Corpse recently after approach on Pearl Harbor. Although he has spent two years at Alaska as a coast guard, he managed to join the actively fighting force of 28th Regiment of the new 5th Marine Division. His division was one of the first to invade Iwo Jima in spring 1945 and Wheeler participated in the closely severe combat for the island. Two age after the landing he has been heavily wounded and evacuated, however, those days were enough for him to write a book of memories, which he called simply Iwo. The book is a rendering of the battle for Iwo Jima from the point of view of marines, who invaded the island and the Japanese soldiers who protected it. The author pays little attention to definition of strategies and forces in the operation, concentrating on soldiers exp eriences. His writing may be in a way shocking and cynical as he writes how uncommon valor was a common virtue.Wheeler speaks a little of preparations, do by Americans and Japanese and describes some of the maneuvers of his aver division, including the flag raising, which later became famous. But the book is more a story of life and fighting of marines on the island their thoughts, desires and feelings. All names of marines, places and other are due to authors own knowledge. The book is outstandingly exciting to read. It keeps the reader tensed and involves him into action, giving an insight from participants view.The talking to of the book is a language of a marine, not of a professor of history, and this makes the impression from the book til now deeper. Iwo is a magnificent overview of WWII on the Pacific soldier experience. Perhaps it is not of great affair to history professionals, but is a must read book for all those interested in existent story of the Pacific War. Tho se, who are already familiar with the matter would obtain additional sensitive reasonableness of war, and the beginners will find an exciting introduction into life of a soldier of World War II.

Formation of a Company Essay Example for Free

Formation of a Comp any(prenominal) EssayRefers to the entire process by which a fraternity is brought into conception. It starts with the conceptualisation of the birth a a high society and determination of the purpose for which it is to be pretended. The persons who conceive the ships conjunction and invest the initial funds be known as the boosters of the federation. The pluggers enter into preliminary contracts with vendors and make arrangements for the preparation, advertizing and the circulation of prospectus and placement of capital letter.However, a person who merely acts in his professional capacity on behalf of the promoter (eg lawyer, CA, etc) for drawing up the agreement or different documents or put ups the figures on behalf of the promoter and who is paid by the promoter is not a promoter. The promoters bring on certain basic duties towards the company mannikined - In character of default on the part of the promoter in fulfilling the above duties, the company may - A promoter may be rewarded by the company for efforts undertaken by him in forming the company in several ways.The more than common ones are - If the promoter fails to disclose the profit made by him in course of forward motion or knowingly makes a false story in the prospectus whereby the person relying on that statement makes a loss, he willing be liable to make good the loss suffered by that other person. The promoter is liable for delusive statements made in the prospectus. A person who subscribes for any shares or unsecured bond in the company on the faith of the untrue statement ingested in the prospectus set up process the promoter for the loss or damages sustained by him as the result of much(prenominal)(prenominal) untrue statement.II. Incorporation by Registration The promoters essential make a decision regarding the type of company i. e a pulic company or a one-on-one company or an un particular(a) company, etc and accordingly prepare the do cuments for incorporation of the company. In this connection the Memorandum and Articles of experience (MA AA) are crucial documents to be prepared. Memorandum of Association of a company Is the constitution or charter of the company and contains the powers of the company.No company evoke be registered under the Companies Act, 1956 without the memorandum of knowledge. Under Section 2(28) of the Companies Act, 1956 the memorandum means the memorandum of association of the company as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance with any of the previous companies law or the Companies Act, 1956. The memorandum of association should be in any of the one form specified in the tables B,C,D and E of Schedule 1 to the Companies Act, 1956.Form in tabularise B is relevant in case of companies modified by the shares , form in put back C is applicable to the companies limited by guarantee and not having share capital, form in Table D is applicable to company limited by guarantee and having a share capital whereas form in table E is applicable to unlimited companies. Contents of Memorandum The memorandum of association of every company moldiness contain the pursuit clauses - Name clause The distinguish of the company is mentioned in the name clause.A public limited company essential end with the word Limited and a private limited company must end with the words Private Limited. The company cannot have a name which in the opinion of the rudimentary Government is undesirable. A name which is identical with or the nearly resembles the name of another company in existence will not be allowed. A company cannot use a name which is prohibit under the Names and Emblems (Prevntion of Misuse Act, 1950 or use a name suggestive of connection to governance or State patronage.Domicile clause The state in which the registered office of company is to be placed is mentioned in this clause. If it is not possible to state the exact location of the register ed office, the company must state it yield the exact summariseress either on the day on which causes to run for on its business or within 30 days from the date of incorporation of the company, whichever is earlier. Notice in form no 18 must be given to the recorder of Comapnies within 30 days of the date of incorporation of the company.Similarly, any change in the registered office must also be intimated in form no 18 to the Registrar of Companies within 30 days. The registered office of the company is the official address of the company where the statutory books and records must be normally be kept. Every company must affix or paint its name and address of its registered office on the outside of the every office or place at which its activities are carried on in. The name must be written in one of the local languages and in English.Objects clause This clause is the most important clause of the company. It specifies the activities which a company can carry on and which activiti es it cannot carry on. The company cannot carry on any activity which is not authorised by its MA. This clause must specify - In case of the companies other than trading corporations whose objects are not confined to one state, the states to whose territories the objects of the company extend must be specified. Consequences of an ultravires transaction -However, the doctrine of ultra-vires does not apply in the following cases - The following are exceptions to the rule of limited liability of members - Capital clause The amount of share capital with which the company is to be registered divided into shares must be specified giving details of the number of shares and types of shares. A company cannot issue share capital greater than the maximum amount of share capital mentioned in this clause without altering the memorandum.Association clause A declaration by the persons for subscribing to the Memorandum that they desire to form into a company and agree to take the shares place again st their respective name must be given by the promoters. Articles of Association The Articles of Association (AA) contain the rules and regulations of the internal management of the company. The AA is nothing but a contract amid the company and its members and also between the members themselves that they shall abide by the rules and regulations of internal management of the company specified in the AA.It specifies the rights and duties of the members and directors. The provisions of the AA must not be in conflict with the provisions of the MA. In case such a conflict arises, the MA will prevail. Normally, every company has its own AA. However, if a company does not have its own AA, the model AA specified in Schedule I Table A will apply. A company may adopt any of the model forms of AA, with or without modifications. The articles of association should be in any of the one form specified in the tables B,C,D and E of Schedule 1 to the Companies Act, 1956.Form in Table B is applicab le in case of companies limited by the shares , form in Table C is applicable to the companies limited by guarantee and not having share capital, form in Table D is applicable to company limited by guarantee and having a share capital whereas form in table E is applicable to unlimited companies. However, a private company must have its own AA. The important items covered by the AA include - Alteration of articles of association A company can alter any of the provisions of its AA, subject to provisions of the Companies Act and subject to the conditions contained in the Memorandum of association of the company.A company, by special resolution at a general meeting of members, alter its articles provided that such alteration does not have the effect of converting a public limited company into a private company unless it has been approved by the Central Government. The articles must be printed, divided into paragraphs and numbered consequently and must be sign by each subscriber to the Memorandum of Association who shall add his address, description and occupation in presence of at least one witness who must attest the signature and likewise add his address, description and occupation.The articles of association of the company when registered bind the company and the members thereof to the same extent as if it was signed by the company and by each member. III. Registration of the Company at one time the documents have been prepared, vetted, stamped and signed, they must be filed with the Registrar of Companies for incorporating the Company. The following documents must be filed in this connection - textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item authentication of IncorporationOnce all the above documents have been filed and they are found to be in order, the Registrar of Companies will issue award of Incorporation of the Company. This document is the birth certificate of the company and is proof of the existence of the company. Once, this certificate is issued, the c ompany cannot cease its existence unless it is dissolved by order of the Court. IV. Commencement of Business A private company or a company having no share capital can commence its business immediately after it has been incorporated.However, other companies can commence their activities only after they have obtained Certificate of Commencement of Business. For this purpose, the following additional formalities have to be complied with - If a company has share capital and has issued a prospectus, then - textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item Once the above provisions have been complied with, the Registrar of Companies grants Certificate of Commencement of Business after which the company can commence its activities

Best friends Essay Example for Free

Best peers EssaySometimes I wonder how my life would be without my best friend Tonya, after thirteen years of putting up with all(prenominal) other we are still as inseparable as ever. We know everything about one another, share everything, and spend hours public lecture to each other developing a relationship that cannot compare any other friendship. Many times when we are unitedly we are mistaken for sisters and its easy to gain why we both stand little over volt foot tall, have blonde hair, blue eyes, and wear the same size clothing. It always seems that my closet has more(prenominal) of her vesture in it than mine and vice-versa. Our mothers can never stop comparing notes as to how many clothes they have bought us that theyve never seen on their actual child wear. When we are together people swears that we let out a different language and between finishing each others sentences, the jumps in topics, and the giggles its amazing that we thus far understand each othe r.After spending all day together we always end up talking on the phone for hours and many times repeating the same conversations without ever realizing it. For some people its grueling to imagine being friends with someone for so long, but if I were to choose one person out-of-door of my family that I could not do without. I would pick my best friend Tonya. Weve helped each other through and through the good times and bad and held each other when some guy has broken our hearts and even yelled at each others parents. She is as much a part of my family as anyone else, no involvement what anyone says. We are best friends and so much more, everyday I am thankful that we found each other so many years ago because neither of our lives have ever been the same.

Occupy Wall Street, Pros and Cons Essay Example for Free

necessitate W entirely Street, Pros and Cons EssayIn the past tense year, there has been a movement that has grown place of the frustration over the unemployed masses crosswise the nation. The movement was mostly aimed at Big Banks and the wealthiest 1% who hold a signifi foundationt percent of the property in this country. The movement, in its root systems, was meant to kvetch the declining nitty-gritty kinfolk and rapid expanding lower material body. It also contended that the upper class was not paying their sh ar of taxes. Pro side of the Movement The OWS movement brought to the forefront the belief that the naughty were paying a much lower percentage of taxes then there middle and lower class counterparts. It demanded that the bounteous pay more taxes and regulate the flow of notes to big banks and bank bailouts. Much kindred the Tea Party movement, they demanded an end to the TARP bailouts and end to federal bailouts of a corrupted Federal Reserve. The movement s motto, Companies atomic number 18 bad, Capitalism is inherently evil, also shows the movements opposition to big corporations making lots of money and not sharing it with their employees. It has gathered a lot of support from among the ultra liberal population and shown that there argon a good number of lot who support this cause.Among the supporters have been many celebs, politicians and even labor unions. The point that banks raked in record profits before the housing crash, and unfairly foreclosed millions of loans on middle class and short mint, then veritable federal bailouts to save them infuriated many people. The integrity largest cost to the American taxpayer of all time, more than all the previous national debt combined since the nations birth in 1776, the banks received not billions, but trillions in this TARP bailout. It was from this 2 movements were born. Tea Party and OWS both owe their origins to this single event.OWS is the Liberal side vs. the Conservative Tea Party. Anti Occupy Wall Street In the beginning of the movement, there wasnt a lot of opposition to their ideas across the board. They had a solid idea and cause. They stood for the middle and lower class citizens with a message the 99% of the population was tired of being walked on by the wealthy. However, this image quickly tarnished. The movement became a collection of people who basically looked like a stateless camp of vagrants of people who felt they were authorise to a comfortable life and not having to work for it. more or less every face in the crowd was people that were basically unemployable because they had excessive tattoos, bad hygienics or very bad attitudes vs. everything Mixed In with their protests were political groups joining the band wagon, such as Communist, Marxist, Nazi and Anarchist? There signs often portrayed violence to rich people and corporations. They would cry out, We argon the 99% the whole time the real 99% of the population was becoming dis gusted with these people.The movement is expiry and basically dead because the people who organized these camps did not police themselves or distance themselves from the people who tarnished the initial message of the movement. Instead of a message being sent to the rich, they made themselves and embarrassment to their cause. Can Occupy Wall Street be fixed? Is it too late to undo the damage the bad elements of the protest? I think it is. They had/have no clear message anymore. They complain about everything and everyone. All rich people are evil, our capitalistic government is evil and Corporations are Evil?This is their claim. However, do these people cut short to think (as they use there iPhones, sipping Starbucks coffee and wearing designer clothes) that they are hypocrites? That if not for all they stay once against, America would be nothing more than a 3rd world country? Do the people who support socialism and communism not realize they have been tried and failed time and time again? Socialism is a great government till you run out of others peoples money Rich people provide a vast majority of the jobs in this country. There is also the fact, that in America, everyone has the potential to become rich.There are more millionaires in America, than the whole world combined. There are many things in their message that is simply not thought out. The movement needs to single out the wrong doers such as BofA and the people who caused the housing crash. They need to support intelligent people who can spread a positive message for them. Not be a huge un-washed mass of entitled hippies looking for a handout. My Opinion I think the movement is dead. It was dead after the rootage week. It needs to go away and reboot. It needs a new plan, new people and leadership.It needs a voice It has been marred by violence and shame. I hate that these people say they represent me. I represent the hard working people of this country that believes in the American Dream. These entitled ingrates need to eat up wondering why they cant get a job while there acquire there face pierced or a new tattoo. I want to be rich one day, and I dont want to have to pay 70% of my income to pay for people who wont get off their butts and get a job. I believe if you work hard, you should be rewarded for it, not punished

Information for Soap Notes Essay Example for Free

Information for Soap Notes EssayAssociate train Material Case Study Information for SOAP Notes Read the following three patient visits. fiat the information using correct medical terminology. The visits below are written in laymans term and do not use the correct medical terminology. Re-write the information in medical terms for the charts. You must determine where the information is to be placed in the SOAP note. enduring One Chapter hexad 22-year-old African American female 140/60 BP 99 F Pulse is 38 ventilation is 22 per minute Patient states she is not on any medicine at the timePatient states her reason for the visit is she is having severe back pain for 5 days now Past has been told she has reaping hook cell anemia Physician tells patient they are going to draw source and give her IV with fluids. Physician states the IV will contain something for the pain Blood work showed white blood cells 4300, hemoglobin 13. 1 g/dL, hematocrit 39. 9%, platelets 162,000, segs 65. 9, lymphs 27, monos 3. 4 Physician observes patient is alert Physician finds that head, ears, eyes, nose, and pharynx are okay Physician determines the patient is having a sickle cell crisisPhysician finds that the patient has phlegm in hands and feet Patient states she just has not been feeling substantially lately She reports I do not test my levels daily with that machine it hurts so I just base my levels on how well I feel Physician observes that the patient has some discoloration of her skin Physician sees that the head, eyes, ears, nose and throat are okay Physician hears that the heart sounds good, nothing sounds off Physician wants patient to come to the emplacement in 1 month Physician tells patient to start using the machine to test her blood and record the results and bring with her to next visit

Act Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Act Utilitarianism EsenunciateThe possible action of Utilitarianism was first unquestionable by Jeremy Bentham who was a philosopher of the 18th century. Bentham developed this theory to hold a modern and rational accession to morality which would suit the changing society. Benthams theory Act Utilitarianism has humankindy strengths and weaknesses. A Strength is that this theory is considers the consequences and happiness which an action has created. This is because Act Utilitarianism is a teleological theory where actions are based on results.For eccentric if I splash cold water at someone to wake up for school this is a redeeming(prenominal) action as it has good consequences because the person I splashed water on fag end go on to school and gain knowledge and this I will also create happiness. some other strength would be that this theory is always seeking the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number. For shell if I was going to bomb the world with a bomb I planted in a secret location and the only way to get the information was to torture me.An Act Utilitarian would say that I should be tortured so that I could give the information on where the bomb was and this that would create the greatest good for the greatest number. There are also more problems with Benthams theory as it allows cruel or sadistic pleasure as huge as it out ways the vexation. For fount if ten sadists torture one child pleasure out ways the childs pain making the action right in an Act Utilitarian eyes. Also if someone intentions are good but the consequence of their action is bad an Act Utilitarian would say this wrong even belief the intention was good.For example if I help an old man across the street and then he assassinates someone my action which was good becomes bad because of the consequence. Another weakness is that in that location is always a nonage which will not benefit from an action and this could cause a great amount of pain for that minority and the pa in of this minority could out way the pleasure of the majority but it is also hard and long to use the hedonic calculus in some situations. For example say on that point was a man called john normal calm guy then one day he finds out his daughter was raped by a man called max.Then john goes out and kills max. This situation would be too hard for the hedonic calculus to calculate as two men families felt pain and both men felt pleasure. Overall I believe that the weaknesses out way the strengths of Act Utilitarianism as there are many situations that it would not be able to give an answer. Even thought Act Utilitarianism considers the consequences there are just too many weaknesses crushing this point. For example the hedonic calculus will interpret too long to find out whether an action is right or wrong in many scenarios. Ayyub.

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay Example for Free

Pepsi One Case Study Journal examinePepsiCo, along with Coca-Cola, are two firms dominating the U. S alcoholisming mart with almost 76% conjointly in 1998. This rivalry became more serious as PepsiCo released Pepsi One in order to increase its mart. By properly applying the market audit, Pepsi One has succeeded in expanding the market, considered as a Pepsi core displays. Business structures of rivals, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are intimately similar. As customers demand delicious products, firms have turned to marketing service companies, reducing their role as manufacturers.Its American operations have been transformed into trades and development markets. Innovation and technology departments are established, pickings responsibilities of generating new products, packaging, and equipment. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have the same business objectives which are streng whereforeing dirt image, expanding market, and beating their rivals in the beverage market, particularly for carbonat ed soft-drinks. PepsiCos marketing goal was to enhance customers awareness of its brand image, inform them about its new products, and reduce the consumer resistance to buy the products.In order to obtain these goals, PepsiCo has utilise the market audit. Basing on the current results, it was founded that beverages with cola flavor witnessed a downward trend in sale as the customers were expecting a better tasting soft-drink. Hence, the concept for the new product was to develop a low-calorie drink that was similar to sugared soft-drink while avoiding the acerbic aftertaste. Subsequently, by utilizing market analysis, particularly market segmentation and market targeting, the marketing department figured out who was press release to be Pepsi Ones market.Pepsi One was then considered as a soft-drink for young men in their 20s and 30s who are afraid of the word diet and the bitter aftertaste. By conducting these tests, Pepsi believed their new product would reach a whole new audien ce. The role of marketing department in achieving PepsiCos marketing goals was undeniable since it is important to comprehend the market trend before ingress a new product, the innovation and technology departments also had a significant role because being notional and to differentiate the products is markedly demanded in a highly competitive market.These departments advocated Pepsi One by using a unique marketing strategy to capture the market. At this point, the chairman of PepsiCo (1997) claimed This is a real-time business, and were going to be a real-time company. It is clear that Pepsi One flourished due to the contribution of these two departments. In conclusion, Pepsi One has succeeded in the soft-drink market. This is derived from understanding the market through market audit and using an appropriate market strategy. Pepsi One has helped its firm to gain the market and beat its rival Coca-Cola at low calorie soft-drink market.

Our Earth Essay Example for Free

Our Earth EssayOur footing is made up 78 percent of water, and rest of it is fine-tune. Because of this, on that point is ample number of living organisms in land as well as water. It has plains, plateaus, mountains, valleys, deserts, forests, grasslands, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes etc. As there are various kinds of regions on earth, every region has its own kind of wild biography as well as plant life. Earth has undergone a gradual change in its milieu through its years of evolution. Our earth and its diverse environment Plateaus, plains and valleysPlateaus A plateau is a large upland area of fairly level land separated from surrounding land by steep slopes. roughly plateaus, like the plateau of Tibet, lie between mountain ranges. Others are higher than surrounding land. Plateaus are widespread, and unitedly with enclosed basins they cover about 45 percent of the Earths land surface.Plains plains are broad, nearly level stretches of land that have no great changes in e levation. Plains are generally lower than the land around them they may be put in along a coast or inland. Coastal plains generally rise from sea level until they meet higher landforms such as mountains or plateaus. Inland plains may be found at high altitudes.Valleys A valley is a hollow or surface depression of the earth bounded by hills or mountains, a natural trough in the earths surface, that slopes down to a stream, lake or the ocean, formed by water and/or ice erosion. Systems of valleys extend through plains, hills, and mountains. Rivers and streams flowing through valleys waste pipe interior land regions to the ocean. At the bottom of many valleys is fertile soil, which makes excellent farmland. Most valleys on prohibitionist land are formed by running water of streams and rivers.

Adenosine Triphosphate and Aerobic Respiration Essay Example for Free

Adenosine Triphosphate and aerobiotic internal respiration Essay simile map Embed this chart Aerobic Respiration An aerobiotic Respiration DefinitionAerobic public discussion enforces oxygen. anaerobic ventilating system is external respiration without oxygen the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors. mobile phones that use itAerobic respiration occurs in most cells. Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria, yeasts, some prokaryotes, erythrocytes (red blood cells), and in muscle cells.Production of lactic acidDoes not produce lactic acidProduces lactic acid (in lactic acid fermentation but not in alcoholic fermentation) Amount of cipher releasedHigh (36-38 adenosine triphosphate molecules)Low (2 ATP molecules) ProductsCarbon dioxide, water, ATPLactic Acid Fermentation lactic acid, ATP Alcoholic Fermentation ethyl alcohol, ATP, cytosine dioxide Reactantsglucose, oxygenglucose Site of reactionsCytoplasm and mit ochondriaCytoplasm StagesGlycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport ChainGlycolysis, Fermentation combustioncompleteincomplete Contents Aerobic vs Anaerobic RespirationThe process of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration 1. 1 Fermentation in anaerobic respiration 1. 2 Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration 2 Energy efficiency of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration 3 pic comparing Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration 4 References The process of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration The sugar molecules stored in the food are broken apart through enzyme-mediated reactions and the vim released is absorbed by cells. This process is much more effective in the presence of oxygen through aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP).It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate memorialise the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the fo rm of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration share the initial nerve pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metamorphosis affects with the Krebs cycle and aerobic phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. Fermentation in anaerobic respirationWithout oxygen, pyruvate is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the hydrogen carriers so that they can practice glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This quality of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.This type of fermentation is cognise as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is make by substrate phosphorylation, which is phosphorylation that does not involve oxygen. Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central brilliance in aerobic respiration. the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway pertain in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. opposite relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. Therefore, carbohydrates break into sugar and then into ATP. The overall process of aerobic respiration can be understood by the following reaction . C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O gt 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy. Energy efficiency of aerobic vs anaerobic respiration Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose).Anaerobic respiration is less efficient at using the energy from glucose since 2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of anaerobic respiration still contain plenty of energy. Ethanol, for example, can be used in gasoline (petrol) solutions. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must attach the rate of the glycolytic reactions.Thus, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use anaerobic respiration to supplement the ATP output from the slower aerobic respiration, so anaerobic respiration m ay be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting. Video comparing Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration References http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Cellular_respirationoldid=320134686 Related Comparisons Oxygen vs Ozone Oxygen vs Ozone Mitosis vs Meiosis Mitosis vs Meiosis desoxyribonucleic acid vs RNA DNA vs RNA Photosynthesis vs RespirationPhotosynthesis vs Respiration curve vs Yeast Mold vs Yeast Comments Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration Facebook Anonymous (4) Stay informed Get email alerts when new comparisons are published in these categories Science L Biology Related Comparisons Oxygen vs Ozone Mitosis vs Meiosis DNA vs RNA Photosynthesis vs Respiration Mold vs Yeast Follow Diffen Make Diffen Smarter. Log in to edit comparisons or create new comparisons in your area of expertise Sign up Top 5 Comparisons 1. Democrat vs Republican 2. Anima l Cell vs Plant Cell 3. Meiosis vs Mitosis 4. Affected vs Effected 5. 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An Essay about its Interpretation through Connotations Essay Example for Free

An Essay about its Interpretation finished Connotations EssayIn this essay we are tasked to interpret the Eskimo song/ rime written above through connotations. We are also tasked to examine the given poem through the following questionsWhat feelings come to you as you usher it?What overall sense do the various words and images create?As I was reading the poem, I felt a deep sense of sadness and regret in the writers choice of words. It was as if he was writing while reminiscing about the better life he had before where problems were humble and Life itself was artless. He was regretting what has become of his life and has expressed a desire to go back to that simple life. The choice of words create images of making hard choices, doing things not on ones confess will and of deep sadness of what has become of ones life.Now I would interpret the poem per line based on the connotation that I got from them. The lines Into my head rose the nothings, my life day later on day con noted that he was reminiscing and memories of his life before were coming back into his mind. The next lines But I am leaving the shore in my skin boat is that he had to leave the life he had been employ to.The next lines it came to me that I was in danger may be pertaining to the grave reason that he had to regulate to leave even if he does not want to or a big decision he had to make. The next lines and now the small troubles look big and the ache that comes from the things I bear to do every(prenominal) day, big may mean that now that he had decided or left, things will not be as simple as they were before because every decision have consequences and thus involves certain responsibilities and risks that we have to take.The next lines But only one thing is great only one. This, in the hut by the path to see the day coming out of its mother and the light filling the world federal agency that the writer still yearns to go back to his simple life before, where everything he want ed was to see the morning in the morning in his humble home.

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology Essay

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology EssayPeer-to-peer buck swapping websites are becoming increasingly popular across the world as the next generation of the music sharing industry is developed. Peer-to-peer meshing thoows users to connect with each other to search for and share reading. This development is decentralized, it does non want a central database server to search for locations of music files, it requires the use of peer-to-peer knob software. The client software call for to be installed on users local machines (nodes), which then gather information on media files available for sharing and stores the information into a catalogue. When the user searches for media files the client software connects to other nodes across the networks (called hops) which search their catalogues, and this process continues. If a domineering result occurs the client software connects directly with the peer that has the file and the media volition be transferred.Users of th e network elicit be both a supplier (information provider) and a consumer (information requester), the user can connect with multiple users all with the required resource, as the files transfer they can also be forwarded onto further users requesting the same files, saving time.Advantages of peer-to-peer entangle the ease of setting up, the speed of transfer of information, large takes of peers can be contacted quickly, the network is not vulnerable to failure as at that place is such a wide spread of data not reliant on one centralized source. However disadvantages can include the electric potential for bugs and viruss during installation of client software, data is less secure, the provider may not be reliable and you may be breaching procure and licensing laws. Peer-to-peer can be inefficient as its unknown which peers pose the required information, a large number of hops can occur in a short space of time, potentially clogging the networks, provided they will not be inde finite as a time to live countdown is in graze which decreases with each hop until reaching zero at which point the search will end.A bare-assed internet music website is taking the industry by storm called Spotify, the site differs to normal peer-to-peer sites, you cant steal (or download) free music, but you can create a playlist or collection of your favourite songs to find out to just as you would on a radio station. Also there is an pickaxe to create or join collaborative playlists that are independent from the site and shared via websites, these can be added to by individualist users. The tracks come with some advertisements between songs. A daily advert free listening package is an option for a small fee, or by subscribing monthly it can be entirely free of advertisements.Because there is no downloading of files Spotify is fast to use. It has a vast collection of songs, artists and albums. This is makes it rattling popular, however it has recently been forced to film thousands of songs by the record labels who maintain control of what can be played where. Spotify argue that because tracks are only being listened to this could reduce the desire to illegally download and limit piracy.Spotify has recently released an Application Programing port (API) which it hopes will spread through other media devices such as gaming consoles, mobile phones and other media devices.An API is a way for website or service to talk to another website or service. APIs let you mix information and media from other services into your own site or diligence. (Wibbels 2009)The API is a set of predefined programming behaviour that Spotify have developed, which they can release to programmers to enable them to develop their own products to incorporate Spotify. This enables the company to reach out to some new users with a broad range of devices, for example an Apple iphone user may discover an application for Spotify to download to his device, having not previously heard of the service.In recent months a mobile device HTC hoagie has become available with Spotify included. The Spotify subscription is paid in with the device contract, effectively seeming that the mobile device is better-looking free access to songs.With around 40,000 new users a day signing up to Spotify, there is no doubting its popularity, however does this imply that if free music is available then users will not pack to make a music purchase again? There are mixed reviews, some allege music pirates say they dont need to download illegally now, Spotify meets all their needs, other users are saying they will never buy music again.On the other hand some people are employ Spotify to listen to music before going to purchase, on a try before you buy basis. It seems that Spotify is proving very useful for a wide spread of users.I think the release of the API will, as in the boldness of the HTC Hero device, spread the word of Spotify even further, however because of the ongoing problem s with the music industry and copyright and licensing issues potential manufacturers of new devices need to move with caution, if licensing laws were favourable to the music industry and caused the demise of Spotify, with no API a distribute of devices could potentially be useless.To conclude, I think that Spotify could be very successful in the future, the main restraint being its lack of support from the music industry. If more support, trust and guidance was provided by record and selling companies then perhaps we would see developments of a more secure data transfer system, removing the chances of bugs and viruss for the users. The programing and network system on which it is based could prove to be the future of all online music sharing. I suppose that this approach to the industry is a way forward, however I believe the software developers have a responsibility to behave ethically and responsibly so not to infringe the rights of all involved in the music industry.989 words BibliographySpotify Ltd (2007 2010) About Spotify on hand(predicate) from http//www.spotify.com/uk/about/what/ Accessed 7th May 2010Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (9th May 2010) Peer-to-PeerAvailable from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer Accessed 12th May 2010Kayne (2010) What is P2P?Available from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-p2p.htm Accessed 12th May 2010uCertify (2008) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network?Available from http//www.ucertify.com/ hold/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-peer-to-peer-network.html Accessed 17th May 2010Johnson B and Arthur C (2009) Spotify opens doors to UK as record industry slams them shut.Available from http//www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/11/digitalmusic-downloads Accessed 23rd May 2010Johnson (2009) Spotify plots launch of new API.Available from http//www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/apr/06/spotify-to-launch-api Accessed 23rd May 2010

Analysis of Migration Patterns in Afghanistan

abbreviation of Migration Patterns in AfghanistanMigration in Afghanistan1. IntroductionAfghanistan is home to the largest refugee crises experienced since the inception of the UNHCR. Decades of war get hold of direct one million millions to aviate their homes and seek refuge in the neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran, and for those who were able, further abroad. The bend of refugees spiked in 1990 at 6.2 million. They began to abate in 1992 with the peg of the government, but began to increase again in 1996 with the rise of the Taliban. In 2002, with the fall of the Taliban and the US-led invasion, show numbers of Afghan refugees descended to Afghanistan. An multinationalist reconstruction and evolution initiative began to aid Afghans in rebuilding their res publica from decades of war.Reports indicate that change is occurring in Afghanistan, but the progress is slow. The Taliban book regained strength in the second half(a) of this decade and insurgency and instability ar rising. Afghanistan addresss to be challenged by underdevelopment, lack of infrastructure, few employment opportunities, and general poverty. The slow pace of change has led Afghans to continue migrating in order to meet the call for of their families. now refugee expirements no longer characterize the primary source of Afghan migration. Migration in search of livelihoods is the primary discernments for migration and occurs with agricultural-urban migration in Afghanistan or circular migration patterns as Afghans deflower into Pakistan and/or Iran. Afghans utilize their social net swear outs to find low- skillful rub down in the cities or neighboring countries. The advancedly skilled in Afghanistan often seek to migrate to western sandwich countries, as the opportunities in Afghanistan ar limited.Afghans transnational keepments withstand led to the development of the Afghan Diaspora, which has been essential in providing remittances to families in Afgha nistan to meet their daily take. The Afghan Diaspora has been involved in the reconstruction effort and is a distinguish contributor to development in Afghanistan. The continued engagement of the Diaspora is important to the building of Afghanistans future.This paper seeks to provide an overview of migration and development in Afghanistan. It testament begin with a rural area profile on Afghanistan (Chapter 2), followed by a follow-up of historical migration patterns in Afghanistan (Chapter 3) and a synthesis of up-to-the-minute migration patterns in Afghanistan (Chapter 4). The paper volition then move to discuss migration and development in Afghanistan (Chapter 5), the Afghan Diaspora (Chapter 6), policies regarding migration in Afghanistan (Chapter 7), and the migration relationship amid the Netherlands and Afghanistan (Chapter 8). The paper allow close down with an examination of future migration prospects for Afghanistan (Chapter 9) and a conclusion (Chapter 10).2. Ge neral Country ProfileAfghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the military personnel and has been inundated by decades of war, obliging strife and poverty. Today, Afghanistan is central in media attention overdue to the US led invasion post 9/11, however the inelegant has been in turmoil for much longer. This section will provide a brief overview of the recent history of Afghanistan, the current sparing blank space, the current governmental situation, a cultural overview, and the current status of women in the country.Historical OverviewThe modern history of Afghanistan scum bag be separate into four essential periods pre 1978, 1978-1992, 1992-2001, and post 2001.Pre 1978Afghanistan was founded in 1774 by Ahmad Shah Durrani who unified the Pashtun tribes in the region and created the postulate (CIA, 2009). The country was ruled by a monarchy and acted as a buffer amid the British and Russian empires until it accredited independence from conjectural British control in 1919 (CIA, 2009). The last King, Zahir Shah, reigned from 1933 to 1973, when he was overthrown by a takeover detat led by his cousin and ex-premier President Mohammed Daoud (Jazayery, 2002). Opposition to Daouds Government top off to a coup in 1978 by the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) (Jazayery, 2002).1978-1992 Soviet InvasionThe PDPA was a Marxist regime and from 1989 was die harded by the Soviet Union. This was the first major flow of refugees from Afghanistan. The occupation by the Soviets was viewed in the west as an escalation of the ice-cold War. The West began to fund millions of dollars, which became billions of dollars, to the resistance forces known as the Mujahideen (Jazayery, 2002). The resistance forces operated earlier from Pakistan. In 1986 when Mikhail Gorbachev came to world power in the Soviet Union, the Soviets began the bear on of extraditing themselves from Afghanistan and by 1989 the Soviets had left Afghanistan.1992-2001 Taliban Rul eIn 1992 the Mujahideen forces overthrew Najibullahs Government. A misery of consensus of the unused Government led to a civil war from 1992-1996 (Jazayery, 2002). Afghanistan became disseverd into tribal fiefdoms controlled by fortify commanders and warlords (Poppel wholesome, 2007). The country was in a state of anarchy and Afghans lived in a state of constant attention of physical and sexual assault (Poppelwell, 2007).During this time, the Taliban emerged in 1994, claiming that Afghanistan should be ruled by Sharia (Islamic law) (Jazayery, 2002). The Taliban received actualize and funding from Saudi Arabia and Arab individuals in the quest to establish a pure Islamic model state (Poppelwell, 2007). The Taliban swept through Afghanistan encountering no resistance by the Mujahideen and were welcomed in more areas as they realised relative credential in the areas they controlled (Jazayery, 2002). By 1998, The Taliban had captured the bulk of the country and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Jazayery, 2002). A northern Alliance that arose in opposition to the Taliban maintained a Government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan with Burhanuddin Rabbini as hot seat (Jazayery, 2002). The Taliban Government was only recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the get together Arab Emirates, while the Government of Rabbini maintained an officially represented seat at the UN (Jazayery, 2002).After the bombings of the US Embassys in Kenya and Tanzania the Taliban were asked to stop harboring Osama bin Laden (Poppelwell, 2007). At their refusal, the UN imposed sanctions against the Taliban and Afghanistan in 1999 (Poppelwell, 2007). By this time the Taliban were known for disregarding international law and human rights (Poppelwell, 2007). During this time, killing, pillaging, raping, and ethnical cleansing of individuals occurred across Afghanistan by the Taliban regime (Jazayery, 2002).Post 2001The events of 9/11 2001 led the US to lead Coaliti on Forces to invade Afghanistan on 7 October 2007. Within months the military forces had taken control of Afghanistan and declared the fall of the Taliban. The International Security and financial aid Forces (ISAF) in Afghanistan began with 5,000 troops. In 2003, NATO took over the ISAF, which now, due to change magnitude security cephalalgias, is comprised of roughly 50,000 troops coming from all 28 NATO members (NATO, 2009).In December 2001 a UN led interim ecesis was established under the Bonn Agreement. The Bonn Agreement established a new constitution and the first democratic elections in 2004 (Poppelwell, 2007). Hamid-Karzai, became the leader of a broad based thirty-member ethnic council that aimed to be multi-ethnic and representative of Afghan auberge (Poppelwell, 2007). The new administration faced many challenges and in 2005 the Taliban began to regain strength in Afghanistan.The increased security challenges led to the London Conference in January 2006 to address the end of the Bonn agreement and the current challenges in Afghanistan. The terminus of the London Conference was the Afghanistan Compact, which identified a five-year plan for Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Compact is based on three nonice pillars security, governance, the rule of law and human rights economic and social development and the cross-cutting issue of counter-narcotics (Poppelwell, 2007, p. 8). Western Governments have taken on specific areas as a country lead for areas in which they will focus.The reconstruction process in Afghanistan has been extensive. A total of $14,775,000,000 US dollars has been contributed to the reconstruction process since 2001 (Livingston, Messera, and Shapiro, 2009). Despite the development efforts, insecurity has increased since 2005 with the Taliban regaining strength. The overall situation in Afghanistan continues to be characterized by contravention and poverty.DemographicsA census has non been conducted in Afghanistan since earlier to the Soviet invasion in 1978. Thus, all demographic information is estimates. In 2009, the CIA ground Factbook estimated the commonwealth of Afghanistan to be 28.3 million. This was a significant decrease from the previous estimate of 33.6 million. An Afghanistan census is scheduled for 2010. The population growth rate in Afghanistan was estimated by the United Nations to be 3.9 portion 2005-2010 (UN Data, 2009). stinting and Poverty OverviewEconomic progress in Afghanistan is occurring through the reconstruction effort, however, Afghanistan continues to be one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world. table 1 provides an overview of key economic and poverty indicators for Afghanistan in 2007. Real GDP growth for 2008-09 decelerated to 2.3 pct from 16.2 percent in 2007-08 (World Bank, 2009). This is the lowest GDP growth has been in the post-Taliban period and was due to poor agricultural turnout (World Bank, 2009). In 2009, however, growth is expected to increase due to a good agricultural harvest (World Bank, 2009). table 1 Key IndicatorsGDP Per Capita (PPP US $)1,054Life Expectancy43.6Adult Literacy Rate (% aged 15 and supra)28.0Combined Gross Enrolment Ration in Education50.1Human Poverty Index localize135.0Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort)40.7Population not apply an improved water Source (%)78.0Children underweight for age (% under age 5)39.0Overseas Development Assistance per Capita (US$)146.0Source UNDP, 2009The latest poverty assessment in Afghanistan was conducted in 2005 through the National Risk and vulnerability Assessment (NRVA). The findings indicate that the poverty rate was 42 percent, corresponding to 12 million people live below the poverty line (Islamic land of Afghanistan, 2009, p. 14). In addition, 20 percent of the population was slightly above the poverty line, suggesting that a small economic shock could place them below the poverty line (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2009, p. 14). It is evident that widespread poverty continues to be a challenge in Afghanistan.Political SituationIn August 2009, Afghanistan held it second democratic elections (World Bank, 2009). The incumbent President Hamid Karzai, was re-elected with 50 percent of the necessary votes, however, since the election thither have been over 2,000 fraud allegations lodged with the Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC). The Independent Election Commission announced in October 2009 that its final results indicated less than 50 percent of the votes for Karzai. Thus, a run-off election was scheduled for zero(prenominal)ember in the midst of Karzai and the lead opponent. in the beginning the election, however, the opponent withdrew from the race leaving Karzai as President (World Bank, 2009).The United Nations Mission to Afghanistan has continued to coordinate international assistance and support the Afghan government in developing good governance. The key aspects of the UN Mission semipoliti cal mandate include preventing and resolving conflicts building confidence and promoting national reconciliation monitoring and advising on the political and human rights situation investigating and making recommendations relating to human rights violations maintaining a dialogue with Afghan leaders, political parties, civil indian lodge groups, institutions, and representatives of central, regional and provincial authorities recommending corrective actions and undertaking good offices when necessary to further the love-in-idleness process (UNAMA, 2009).The political situation in Afghanistan continues to be difficult. In 2009, Transparency International rated Afghanistan 1.3 on the world(a) Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International, 2009). This was the second lowest ranking with only Somalia receiving a lower score. This suggests a lofty lack of trust in the Government of Afghanistan.Culture/ Ethnic GroupsAfghanistan is a traditional and conservative society with large ethnic divisions. Table 2 shows the percentage of the population that belongs to the different ethnic groups.Table 2 Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan1970s2006Pashtun39.440.9Tajik33.737.1Uzbeck89.2Hazara89.2Turkmen3.31.7Aimak4.10.1Baloch1.60.5Other1.91.4Source The Asia Foundation, 2006 Encycopedia Iranica, 2009The Pashtuns have broadly speaking been the majority in Afghanistan. They occupy land in the South and the East and are divided amoung tribal lines. The Tajiks are primarily Sunni Islamics who are Persian and occupy the Northeast and West of Afghanistan. The Tajiks are often well educated and landowners. The Uzbecks are descendents from the Turks and are primarily involved in agriculture. The Hazaras are primarily Shiite Muslims who occupy the sterilised highlands in central Afghanistan. The Hazaras are subsistence farms that have used migration routes for survival for centuries (Robinson and Lipson, 2002).The vast majority of the population in Afghanistan is Sunni Muslim (87.9 percent). Shiia Muslims account for 10.4 percent of the population and the remaining ethnic groups are negligible in numbers. Shiia Muslims are thus a minority and have faced persecution in Afghanistan.Status of WomenAfghanistans GDI (Gender Development Index) value is 0.310, which is 88.1 percent of its Human Development Index (HDI) (UNDP, 2009). The HDI does not account for gender in liveity, and the GDI adds this component to the HDI. Afghanistan ranks clv out of 155 countries measured in the world for its GDI. Indicators, such as literacy, illustrate this 43.1 percent of adult males are literate, compared to 12.6 percent of adult females (UNDP, 2009).The culture of Afghanistan is a based on traditional gender roles. Traditionally, women are seen as embodying the maintain of the family (World Bank, 2005). As such, women are devoted as brides to create peace, or to honour a relationship. The role of a wife is to maintain the household and support the husband, which includ es domestic and sexual operate. In general, a wife meets the husbands needs and if the wife does not she has dishonoured her family and community (World Bank, 2005).The legal rights of women in Afghanistan have changed with the political structure. Prior to Taliban rule, the Constitution of Afghanistan guaranteed women equal rights under the law, although local tribes may have had different customs. Under Taliban rule womens rights were severely hindered as they were not permitted to leave their homes unless accompanied by a close male relative, receive education, and had restricted addition the health care and employment. Women were frequently raped and abused during this time. With the fall of the Taliban the situation has improved for women, however there are great differences betwixt the rural and urban situation (World Bank, 2005).The Ministry of Womens Affairs (MOWA) was established in the Bonn Agreement to go on the advancement of women in Afghanistan. MOWA works in an a dvocacy role to ensure that policies are implemented for both(prenominal) men and women. In addition, MOWA works with NGOs to ensure programs for women are implemented.Womens rights remain to be a primary concern in Afghanistan. At present, close to 60 percent of women are married before the age of 16 (IRIN, 2005). At 44, women in Afghanistan have one of the lowest life expectancies in the world (UNDP, 2009). Women who are widow are ostracized in rural communities, but are often able to make a liveness in the cities to support themselves and their families. However, female-headed households tend to be primarily represented in the poorest quintiles of Afghan society (World Bank, 2005). The situation for women in the urban centres such as Kabul is becoming more liberal. Education rates of girls in the urban centres are high than rural areas and these indicators suggest changes are occurring for women in urban areas. Womens rights are high on the international policy agenda for Afgh anistan and a key goal of development aid.3. Historic Overview of MigrationMigration in Afghanistan has had a long history and has significantly shaped the countries social and cultural landscape (Monsutti, 2007). Historically, Afghanistan was a country of care between the east and the west and a key location on the Silk Road trade route. Thus, migration is a part of the historical personal identity of the country. The following chapter presents an overview of the complex migration patterns, with a historical perspective.Migration Patterns from Afghanistan to Pakistan and Iran Prior to 1978Migration between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran has a long history. The migration relationships are rooted in the ethnic ties that span the borders between the countries. For instance, Pashtuns make up 20 percent of the population in Pakistan and 30 percent in Afghanistan. The Pashtuns are separated by the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, which is referred to as the Durand Line. The Durand Line was established during British colonialism to demarcate British India from Afghanistan, and has been acknowledged to be an arbitrary divide of Pashtun land (Monsutti, 2005). Thus, cross-border migration of the Pashtuns between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been a way of life. Similarly, the Hazaras of Afghanistan are Shiites Muslims, which is the majority religion in Iran (Monsutti, 2005). Hazaras regularly pursue in migration to and from Iran via religious ties. These ethnic and cultural ties led to cross-border migration for decades prior to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.The poor economic position of Afghanistan prior to 1978 led to further economic migration to the better off states of Pakistan and Iran. Stigter states, The economic differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran have long led Afghans to migrate to these countries to find employment and, for Iran, enjoy the benefits of a higher income (2006, p. 117). In the sixties and 1970s industrialization in Afgha nistan was minimal and there were limited opportunities for the newly educated and growing rural population (Stigter, 2006). A widespread drought in the 1970s led to large-scale crop stroke and further migration of many Afghans from the north and north-western Afghanistan into Iran (Monsutti, 2006). In addition, the oil boom of 1973 caused further increasing numbers of Afghans to cross into Iran and other Middle Eastern countries to capitalize on the labour opportunities (Stigter, 2006). Studies have also confirmed that prior to the war migrants from Northern Afghanistan travelled to Pakistan during the winter, illustrating that seasonal migration occurred between the two countries (Stigter, 2006 from CSSR, 2005).These pre-established migration movements reveal that social networks were established between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran prior to the Soviet Invasion and proceeding wars. Monsutti states that Channels of pre-established transnational networks exist between Afghanis tan, Pakistan and Iran- the movement of individuals to seek work, to escape drought or to flee war has been a common experience in Afghanistan (Monsutti, 2006, p. 6-7). Thus, it can be deduced that migration to Pakistan and Iran was a natural option for many Afghans.International Migration Post 1978International migration movements from Afghanistan from 1978 have primarily been comprised of refugee flows. The vast majority of refugees fled to Pakistan and Iran in the largest refugee crises of the late 20th Century. 1 shows the number of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran from 1979-2001.1 illustrates that refugee outflows from Afghanistan began in 1979 with the Soviet Invasion. The outflows continued to increase during the Soviet occupation when there was civil war between the US funded Mujahideen and the Soviet backed Najibullah. Flows during this time spanned social classes and ethnic groups as the initial reason for migration was primarily protection led. However, reasons of a l ack of economic opportunities, devastation of infrastructure and trade networks, limited access to social services such as healthcare and education, and political and social reasons also contributed to migration flows (Stigter, 2006). Migration was thus not only refugee protection, but also the need to make a livelihood (Stigter, 2006).The peak of the refugee flows occurred in 1990 with 6.2 million Afghan refugees. This was after the Soviet withdrawal and when the Najibullah remained in power (Jazayery, 2002, p. 240). In the 1990s drought contributed to continuing refugee flows from Afghanistan (Stigter, 2006). The fall of the Najibullah in 1992 led to large-scale repatriation. However, with the Taliban gaining power in 1996, the number of refugees began to increase again to approximately 3.8 million refugees in 2001.During the initial refugee outflows in 1979 both Pakistan and Iran warmly welcomed the refugees under a banner Muslim solidarity (Monsutti, 2006). Iran is a signatory and Pakistan is not a signatory to the 1951 Convention of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, however both countries welcomed the refugees. In Iran the refugees were given identification cards, allowed access to work, health care, food, free primary and secondary education, and were free to settle where they chose (Monsutti, 2006). Pakistan created an agreement with the United Nations to provide services to the Afghan refugees and received financial support from the international community (Monsutti, 2006).The era of welcome Afghan refugees began to change in 1989. In Pakistan refugees were still welcomed from 1989-2001, but were not provided with the same level of services and facilitation (Monsutti, 2006). In Iran support also decreased and by the 1990s refugees no longer received identity cards and assistance (Monsutti, 2006). The position of the host countries became increasingly unfriendly post 2001, which will be discussed in the next chapter of this paper.Return MigrationThe Muja hideen took over the government in 1992 and as a result virtually 2 million refugees returned to Afghanistan. By 1997 an estimated 4 million refugees had returned from Pakistan and Iran (Stigter, 2006). Simultaneously, however, conflicts between rival Mujahideen groups dissuaded many refugees from returning, and created new refugees and IDPs.Internal MigrationThe primary source of internal migration in Afghanistan was internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).Internally Displaced PersonsInternal displacement flows have followed a similar trajectory as refugee flows. The exact number of IDPs is not known and 3 shows estimated number of IDPs in Afghanistan from 1985-2001. Generally those who are internally displaced do not have the doer to cross an international border. IDPs in Afghanistan had access to very few services during this period. The UNHCRs capacity in Afghanistan began to increase after 1992 as is illustrated in 3 by the red line. From 1995 the two lines start to converge as t he number of IDPs back up by UNHCR increases and the total number of IDPs decreases.By 2001 the number of IDPs has significantly increased to 1.2 million. The number of IDPs in Afghanistan will be further examined in the next chapter.4. Current Migration Patterns- 2001- PresentCurrent migration patterns in Afghanistan are complex and multifaceted. Since 2001 Afghanistan has witnessed the largest movement of refugee return in UNHCRs history (Monsutti, 2008). These flows have been a mixture of voluntary and forced return of refugees who had been outside of Afghanistan for varying periods. The majority of returnees are from Pakistan. Afghan refugees have maintained ties with Pakistan and now cross-border labour migration between Afghanistan and Pakistan is increasing. In addition to international flows, the numbers of IDPs have decreased in Afghanistan since 2001 as IDPs return to their regions of origin. Finally, at heart this picture there are large flows of rural-urban migration a s returnees and non-returnees find limited opportunities in rural areas and move to the cities in search of work. All of these flows are occurring simultaneously and present a complex picture of current migration patterns and flows. Each of these areas will be addressed in the following section.Internal MigrationInternal migration flows in Afghanistan have been increasing in the post-Taliban period. As refugees and migrants return to Afghanistan they do not necessarily end their migration cycle. Returnees may continue to migrate internally in search of livelihoods and opportunities. The internal migration flows in Afghanistan are comprised of IDPs, rural to urban migration, and trafficking.Internally Displaced PersonsInternal displacement in Afghanistan has been understudied and information is limited to availability from the UNHCR. In 2004, the UNHCR conducted a data profile of IDPs in UNHCR assisted camps and in 2008 the UNHCR created a national profile of IDPs in Afghanistan. Sta tistics regarding IDPs are estimates1.Table 3 shows the number of IDPs and IDP returnees from 2001 to 2008. At the fall of the Taliban in 2001 there were approximately 1.2 million IDPs in Afghanistan, of which many returned spontaneously in 2002 (UNHCR, 2008, p. 6). In 2008, IDP returns were negligible due to continued insecurity, inter-tribal and personal conflict, landlessness and drought, and lack of muse opportunities and basic services in rural areas (UNHCR, 2008).Table 3 IDPs hit and Returns 2001-2008IDPsIDP ReturneesYear beAssistedTotalAssisted20011,200,0002002665,200753,3002003184,3002004159, euchre27,4002005143,00017,0008,6002006129,300129,30010,40010,4002007153,700153,7008,0008,0002008230,700230,7006,5004,000Total2,865,700513,700822,60031,000Source UNHCR Global Reports, 2001-2008Of the current IDPs (235,000) the UNHCR identifies 132,000 as a protracted caseload (2008). Table 4 shows the reasons for displacement of the current IDP population. These numbers do not include those who are invisible IDPs or urban unidentified IDPs. UNHCR estimates that the actual number of IDPs in Afghanistan is substantially larger than the numbers suggest (2008, p. 18).Table 4 Reason for Displacement of Current IDPs (2008)Reason for DisplacementNo. of FamiliesNo. of IndividualsProtracted31,501166,153New Drought affected1,0836,598New Conflict Affected1,7499,901Returnees in Displacement8,73752,422Battle-affected127759Total43,197235,833Source UNHCR, 2008Since 2007 the return of IDPs has continued to decrease due to increased instability in the country, drought, landlessness, and the spread of conflict and insurgency areas (IDMC, 2008). Disputes are arising between IDPs and locals as in Afghan culture if you are not born(p) in the region you do not belong there (IDMC, 2008). Options for IDPs appear to be limited as they are not welcomed in the regions where they are seeking protection.Rural to Urban MigrationUrbanization is rapidly occurring in Afghanistan as returnees s ettle in the cities and people migrate from rural communities to urban centres. Approximately 30 percent of returnees settle in Kabul (Stigter, 2006). The population of Kabul in 2001 was roughly 500,000 and it had grown to over 3 million by 2007 (IRIN, 2007). The urban centres do not have the infrastructure or resources to meet the needs of the large inflows of migrants, however, research suggest that the difficult situations in the cities are better than rural areas.In 2005 the Afghanistan query and Evaluation Unit conducted a study on rural to urban migration (Opel, 2005). A total of 500 migrants were interviewed in the cities of Kabul, Herat, and Jalalabad. The majority of migrants were male (89 percent) and the average age of migrants was 31 years (p. 4). Males tend to migrate to support their families, and females migrate when they have lost their husbands or have been ostracized by their community and have no means of supporting themselves in rural areas. The majority did not own productive assets in their colonization (71.2 percent), although 43 percent owned a house in their village (p. 8). The primary reasons for migration were the lack or work in the village and better opportunities in town (42%), followed by lack of work in the village (38.2%) and insecurity (16.3%) (p. 11). The majority of migrants made the journey on their own (70.7%) and paid for the journey from their savings (p.14). Migration to urban areas is expensive and the poorest of the poor cannot afford the journey.Once in the cities, the majority were employed in low skilled day labour work and on average respondents describe working 16 out of the foregone 30 days (p. 20). Social networks were essential in people finding work as 89 percent of skilled workers and 60 percent of unskilled workers reported receiving assistance from a relative, friend or neighbour (p. 20). Incomes in the cities were low, but were higher than what individuals could earn in the rural areas. The majority o f urban migrants remitted coin to their family in rural areas, which they carried with them when they returned or sent through family or friends. None of the urban migrants use the Hawala (see Chapter 6) system, which was reported to be too expensive for them. The majority of migrants reported planning to settle in the city (55%) (p. 26). Overall, the majority did improve their economic situation through migration (61.9% for males and 80.9% for females) (p. 27).The large-scale migration to urban centers appears to be a trend that will continue. It is estimated that urban centers are now accounting for 30 percent of the population in Afghanistan (Opel, 2005). The rapid urbanisation has shifted rural poverty to urban poverty (Stigter, 2006) and many challenges remain for the cities in managing the rapid growth.National TraffickingIn 2003 the IOM in Afghanistan conducted a study on trafficking of Afghan women and children. Research on trafficking in Afghanistan is difficult due to the lack of data inherent in all areas of Afghanistan, but increasingly so due to the disquietude of reporting trafficking related crimes and the shame associated with such