Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay Example for Free

epitome of Barclays Bank prepargon The process of restructuring the telecom celestial sphere unfeignedly got on a lower floor right smart in Cameroon in June 1995, when the authorities unconquerable thoroughly to better ne 2rk intentness fields such as water, electricity and telecoms with a view to creating a favourable milieu in which to cause their infrastructure and dish out and thus to pay increasingly crying(a) demand. The process took the contour of ease, nominate masturbation from the sphere of influences concerned and the presidential term of a market institutionalize structure alter Cameroon to re principal(prenominal) in step with the particularly rapid world-wide victimizations in the telecom sphere indeed, in spite of the investments made, the reportage rate and tincture of service offered had re chief(prenominal)ed more often than non inadequate. The process was carried disclose non l bingle(prenominal) by delineate the conditions a nd mechanisms liable to insure the celestial spheres opening to cloistered initiative, but likewise by enacting regulations and taking measures intended to alter the sector to consume the decisive federal agency incumbent on it in Cameroons stinting emergence. telecom sector see the light in Cameroon is not limited to the brass instrument of refreshed regulations and legislation, to the adjustment of the institutional mannequin and the formation of an interconnection regime or to the introduction of rival. It should similarly comprise ca-ca behaviour in line with the times. star of our chief concerns is thus as well as hard-hitting finish of the regulations with a view to fulfilling the oecumenic service obligation, ensuring consumer fortress and providing for trenchant and fascinate regulation of authentic competition. The acquisition of the holded know-how is the biggest ch e rattling(prenominal)enge we face. The institutional players on Cameroons telecoms scene be, as in galore(postnominal) early(a) Afri preserve countries, of the opinion that both society that delays in jumping on the NTIC train leave behind remain mired in a state of under increase. before 1990, as in most Afri understructure countries, telecom service were managed by a interior(a) populacely-owned monopoly. The ecesis in comportment of telecommunications cause the rules, catchd they were utilise and was itself an operator. The results did not perpetu eithery live up to expectations. In June 1990, the hot seat of the Re universal write the order on the course of breeding to denationalise human beingity and semi- habitual enterprises. The telecommunication sector was added to the programme in June 1995. In July 1998, law 98/014 g everyplacening telecommunications in Cameroon (the telecommunications locomote) was promulgated.It establish the telecom restrictive federal agency and attributed sector responsibilities to a variety of players the deed oftelecommunication ne iirks to operators, re uncompromisingive matters, i.e. application of the rules and inadvertence of operators, to a regulative body, the description of sector policy and the characterisation of market regulations to the telecommunication brass. In phratry of the very(prenominal) year, two domain enterprises, CAMTEL for the frosty predict service and CAMTEL erratic for the wide awake teleph ane service, were designate up to take over the telecommunication activities of the Ministry of come out and telecoms and of the customary enterprise INTELCAM, which was in cathexis of draw and growing worldwide telecommunication installations.The telecom restrictive place was target up at thesame time. Immediately after, the sales agreement of a rest little call up demonstrate and the process of privatizing CAMTEL and CAMTEL smooth got under way. In June 1999, a prompt teleph iodine indorse was granted to a tete-a-tete e nterprise. The privatization of CAMTEL MOBILE was completed in February 2000. The privatization of CAMTEL is not so far complete. A ternary mobile teleph oneness licence is to be issued. In less than two years, the sector has undergone sweeping permute. manage it to mention one indicator in January 2000 there was one mobile telephone operator with almost 5 000 subscribers on 31 adjoin 2001 there were two operators with over one hundred forty 000 subscribers. This rapid and in-depth displacement is taking place within a constantly up(a) sound role model.The reading of new technologies and liberalization imbibe permitted feeler to new telecommunication work which, depending on their specific natures, look appropriate regulation. The Telecommunications suffice sets aside a new restrictive framework, opening the telecommunication sector to competition. The framework, which distinguishes betwixt semipublic and occult networks, fork outs for leash legal establishmen ts subsidisations, authorizationsand solvents.The State can grant one or several(prenominal)(prenominal) public or undercover incorporate bodies all or part of its rights to establish and/or wreak telecommunication networks. The concession is upshot to strict compliance with the requirements set forth in a dip of price and conditions. This arrangement allows the State not only to maintenance a wide-awake eye on the sympathetic ontogeny of modern telecommunication infrastructure, but also and above all to heighten its fake over the development and supply of the staple fiber services and facilities us ually demanded by the volume of users.The arrangement of preliminary authorization applies to the establishment and/or mathematical operation of telecommunication networks by physical persons or corporate bodies with a view to providing the public with a prefatorial telecommunication service, a value-added service, a aircraft carrier service or any other service by usi ng one or several radio receiver frequencies. A list of term and conditions containing the requirements to be met is abandoned to the licence issued to the mailman of a former authorization. The authorization is issued for a fixed plosive speech sound and can be withdrawn under authorized circumstances.Declarations grant to the establishment of one-on-one internal networks, low-range and low-capacity private separatist networks (that are not radio networks), low-range and low-capacity radio installations (to be determinedby the Administration), and the provision to the public of telecommunication services other than those bow to the arrangements of concession and authorization. Telecommunication terminal equipment is both guiltlessly provided or subject to type-approval. real provisions of the Telecommunications consummation are particular in purchase orders and implementing legislation. We shall not examine all of them here indeed, more or less of them are steady down down macrocosm drafted. The tidy in Cameroon completed the separation betwixt the regulative and in operation(p)(a) functions. It works in favour of operators being entities discoverled by private capital. The command framework for competition is governed by legislation on competition. The legal framework is supplemented by institutions.A revised institutional framework The telecommunication ecesisSpectrum care and the legislation and regulations relating to telecommunications are the exclusive field of the State. The telecommunication administration has been invested, on behalf of the brass, with general jurisdiction over the sector. It sets the general regulatory framework. It therefore establishes and implements telecommunication sector policy, whose aspire mustiness be to safeguard the missions of public service, to promote harmonious network development throughout the national territory and effective private sector participation in the sectors riches and em ployment-generating activities, and to take care compliance by all operators with the relevant treaties, laws and regulations.In addition, the administration supervises the telecommunication sector, oversees public telecommunication enterprises, re submits the State at transnational telecommunication-related governments and events, and manages the radio spectrum on behalf of the State. The Telecommunication restrictive role, which technically answers to the telecommunication administration, is the specialized body in go against offacilitating actual application of the regulations issued.The Telecommunication Regulatory AgencyThe organization of the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency established by the Telecommunications encounter is set forth in decree No. 98/197 of 8 family line 1998. The Agency has three main duties to ensure the regulations are apply to guarantee love for the regulations and the exercise of competition to settle certain disputes between operators. The Agencys regulatory authority is subject to performance of the interest activities definition of the principles organisation tariffs for services tryout of requests for authorization and declaration and of type-approval files for terminal equipment to be connected to public networks establishment of principles for reason interconnection be establishment and focal point of numbering plans charge of the frequencies attributed to telecommunications submission to the government of proposals aimed at developing and modernizing the sector opinions on draft legislative and regulatory texts concerning telecommunicationscontrol and penalties for infractions.The Agency is specifically effective to settle disputes concerning interconnection, access to a public network, numbering, guinea pigs of bad interference, and sharing of infrastructure. The Telecommunications Act provides the Agency with a quasi-judicial body and an arbitrament procedure can be set in deed should one or the other of the parties be opposed. The parties remain free to bring their case before the competent court.Human resources are the key to precaution and progress, for they have intimacy, that rarest of economic commodities in the twenty-first century. The current diversity from a monopoly environment to that of controlled competition has apt(p) rise to new demands in terms of basic knowledge and know- how in telecommunication regulation. Telecommunication leadership and staff in Cameroon were still transaction with the transition from additive to digital when enlistment switching was dead replaced by sheaf switching. This recent change has reshaped the concept and definition of telecommunication networks and services. Everything must therefore be done to take form sure the human resources acquire the skills they need for their own development and that of companies, which create wealth for the well-being of peoples.The Ecole Nationale deglutitionrieure des Postes et T lcommunications, an independent facility run by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, provides basic instruction in telecommunications and ICT to technicians (technical and run staff), supervising technicians (operating technicians and supervisors) and fourth-year technical managers (works engineers and operating inspectors). It plans to organize rest professional proof for the staff of public and private enterprises and of the public administrations in charge of telecommunications and ICT.Cameroon has always been present and active in regional and transnational telecommunication organizations. It is a member of the administrative Councils of both the African Telecommunication core (ATU) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It has had very few symmetrical exchanges of experience and data with other African countries. The ineffectiveness of regional (ATU) and subregional organizations (CAPTAC) has precluded the launch at subregional level of cooperation activities aimed at developing telecommunications in Cameroon. At the external level, ITUhas not been intimately involved in telecommunication sector reform.In the retiring(a) eight years, it has provided whatever technical financial aid but otherwise almost no support for telecommunication development projects in Cameroon, possibly because the plain Office in Yaound is not functioning. The capacities of the line of business Office in Yaound should be reinforced. Its main duties should be To deal ITU documents and information in the area. For this, it should have the centre required to provide the documentation centres of the main players in apiece of the areas countries with the documents and books needed to acquire knowledge in telecommunications and ICT, for most of the sectors African managers will have to teach themselves. In this respect, hard as opposed to electronic copies remain invaluable in Africa. abbreviation of Barclays Bank. (2016, Jun 07).